Age Restriction
Minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) laws of 21 in the U.S. refer to a minimum age required to purchase alcohol in a state and measures aimed at preventing people under the minimum age from accessing alcohol. MLDA laws have significantly reduced drinking and drinking-related problems among adolescents and young adults, including education drop-out rates, car crashes, crime, injuries, assaults and suicides. There is also evidence that the relaxation of age restrictions contributes to heavier use later in life.
- Effects of the Increased Minimum Drinking Age Law on Drinking and Driving Behavior Among AdolescentsKlepp K-I, Schmid LA, Murray DM. Addiction Research. 4(3), 237-244.Date: 1996 (archived)
- Evaluating the Effects of a Community Coalition’s Efforts to Reduce Illegal Sales of Alcohol and Tobacco Products to MinorsLewis RK, Paine-Andrews A, Fawcett SB, Francisco VT, Richter KP, Copple B, . Journal of Community Health. 21(6), 429-436.Date: 1996 (archived)
- The Minimum Legal Drinking Age: History, Effectiveness, and Ongoing DebateToomey TL, Rosenfeld C, Wagenaar A. Alcohol Health & Research World. 20, 213-218.Date: 1996 (archived)
- Characteristics, Policies and Practices of Alcohol Outlets and Sales to Underage PersonsWolfson M, Toomey TL, Forster JL, Wagenaar AC, McGovern PG, Perry CL. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 57(6), 670-674.Date: 1996 (archived)
- Alcohol Outlet Policies and Practices Concerning Sales to Underage PeopleWolfson M, Toomey TL, Murray DM, Forster JL, Short BJ, Wagenaar AC. Addiction. 91(4), 589-602.Date: 1996 (archived)
- Commercial Availability of Alcohol to Young People: Results of Alcohol Purchase AttemptsForster JL, Murray DM, Wolfson M, Wagenaar AC. Preventive Medicine. 24(4), 342-347.Date: 1995 (archived)
- Young Teenagers and Access to Alcohol in a Swiss Canton: Evidence from Observational Testing and from a Telephone SurveyVaucher S, Rehm J, Benvenuti J, Müller R. Addiction. 90(12), 1619-1625.Date: 1995 (archived)
- Deterring Sales and Provision of Alcohol to Minors: A Study of Enforcement in 295 Counties in Four StatesWagenaar AC, Wolfson M. Public Health Reports. 110, 419-427.Date: 1995 (archived)
- The Ability of Young People to Purchase Alcohol Without Age Identification in Northeastern Minnesota, United StatesForster JL, McGovern PG, Wagenaar AC, Wolfson M, Perry CL, Anstine PS. Addiction. 89(6), 699-705.Date: 1994 (archived)
- Policing Underage Alcohol SalesPreusser DF, AF, W, Weinstein HB. Journal of Safety Research. 25(3), 127-133.Date: 1994 (archived)
- Effects of Minimum Drinking Age Laws on Alcohol Use, Related Behaviors and Traffic Crash Involvement Among American Youth: 1976-1987O’Malley PM, Wagenaar AC. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 52(5), 478-491.Date: 1991 (archived)
- Raising the Alcohol Purchase Age: Its Effects on Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes in Twenty-Six StatesDuMouchel W, Williams AF, Zador P. The Journal of Legal Studies. 16(1), 249-266.Date: 1987 (archived)
- Beer Taxes, the Legal Drinking Age, and Youth Motor Vehicle FatalitiesSaffer H, Grossman M. The Journal of Legal Studies. 16(2), 351-374.Date: 1987 (archived)
- Drinking Age Laws and Highway Mortality Rates: Cause and EffectSaffer H, Grossman M. Economic Inquiry. 25(3), 403-417.Date: 1987 (archived)
- Youth, Alcohol and Relative Risk of Crash InvolvementMayhew DR, Donelson AC, Beirness DJ, Simpson HM. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 18(4), 273-287.Date: 1986 (archived)
- Raising the Legal Drinking Age in Maine: Impact on Traffic Accidents Among Young DriversWagenaar AC. International Journal of the Addictions. 18(3), 365-377.Date: 1983 (archived)