Age Restriction
Minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) laws of 21 in the U.S. refer to a minimum age required to purchase alcohol in a state and measures aimed at preventing people under the minimum age from accessing alcohol. MLDA laws have significantly reduced drinking and drinking-related problems among adolescents and young adults, including education drop-out rates, car crashes, crime, injuries, assaults and suicides. There is also evidence that the relaxation of age restrictions contributes to heavier use later in life.
- Mystery Shopping and Alcohol Sales: Do Supermarkets and Liquor Stores Sell Alcohol to Underage Customers?Gosselt JF, van Hoof JJ, de Jong MD, Prinsen S. The Journal of Adolescent Health. 41(3), 302-308.Date: 2007 (archived)
- New Zealand Lowers Drinking Age: Case StudyKypri K. Paper presented at the Traffic Safety and Alcohol Regulation, Irvine, CA. .Date: 2007 (archived)
- Minimum Purchase Age Laws: How Effective Are they in Reducing Alcohol-Impaired Driving?McCartt AT, Kirley BB. Paper presented at the Traffic Safety and Alcohol Regulation, Irvine, CA. .Date: 2007 (archived)
- Joint Impacts of Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Beer Taxes on United States Youth Traffic Fatalities, 1975 to 2001Ponicki WR, Gruenewald PJ, LaScala EA. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 31(5), 804-813.Date: 2007 (archived)
- Minimum Purchasing Age for Alcohol and Traffic Crash Injuries Among 15- to 19-Year-Olds in New ZealandKypri K, Voas RB, Langley JD, Stephenson SCR, Begg DJ, Tippetts AS, Davie GS, . American Journal of Public Health. 96 (1), 126–131.Date: 2006 (archived)
- Indirect Effects of Lowering the Drinking Age on New Zealand Students’ Alcohol-Related Behaviors and AttitudesBrownfield K, Fernando K, Halberstadt J. New Zealand Journal of Psychology. 32(1), 22-26.Date: 2003 (archived)
- Assessing the Effectiveness of Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Zero Tolerance Laws in the United StatesVoas RB, Tippetts AS, Fell JC. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 35(4), 579-587.Date: 2003 (archived)
- Changing the Minimum Legal Drinking Age- -Its Effect on a Central City Emergency DepartmentEveritt R, Jones P. The New Zealand Medical Journal. 115(1146), 9-11.Date: 2002 (archived)
- Effects of Minimum Drinking Age Laws: Review and Analyses of the Literature from 1960 to 2000. Journal of Studies on AlcoholWagenaar AC, Toomey TL. Special Issue: College drinking: what it is, and what do to about it: Review of the state of the science. (Suppl14), 206-225.Date: 2002 (archived)
- The Effects of Minimum Legal Drinking Ages on Teen ChildbearingDee TS. Journal of Human Resources. 36(4), 823-838.Date: 2001 (archived)
- Alcohol, Marijuana, and American Youth: The Unintended Consequences of Government RegulationDiNardo JL, T. Journal of Health Economics. 20(6), 991-1010.Date: 2001 (archived)
- The Effect of Enforcement on Merchant Compliance with the Minimum Legal Drinking Age LawScribner R, Cohen D. Journal of Drug Issues. 31(4), 857-866.Date: 2001 (archived)
- Minimum-Age Drinking Laws and Youth Suicide, 1970-1990Birckmayer J, Hemenway D. American Journal of Public Health. 89(9), 1365-1368.Date: 1999 (archived)
- State Alcohol Policies, Teen Drinking and Traffic FatalitiesDee TS. The Journal of Public Economics. 72(2), 289-315.Date: 1999 (archived)
- Effects of the Increased Minimum Drinking Age Law on Drinking and Driving Behavior Among AdolescentsKlepp K-I, Schmid LA, Murray DM. Addiction Research. 4(3), 237-244.Date: 1996 (archived)
- The Minimum Legal Drinking Age: History, Effectiveness, and Ongoing DebateToomey TL, Rosenfeld C, Wagenaar A. Alcohol Health & Research World. 20, 213-218.Date: 1996 (archived)
- Deterring Sales and Provision of Alcohol to Minors: A Study of Enforcement in 295 Counties in Four StatesWagenaar AC, Wolfson M. Public Health Reports. 110, 419-427.Date: 1995 (archived)
- Effects of Minimum Drinking Age Laws on Alcohol Use, Related Behaviors and Traffic Crash Involvement Among American Youth: 1976-1987O’Malley PM, Wagenaar AC. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 52(5), 478-491.Date: 1991 (archived)
- Raising the Alcohol Purchase Age: Its Effects on Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes in Twenty-Six StatesDuMouchel W, Williams AF, Zador P. The Journal of Legal Studies. 16(1), 249-266.Date: 1987 (archived)
- Beer Taxes, the Legal Drinking Age, and Youth Motor Vehicle FatalitiesSaffer H, Grossman M. The Journal of Legal Studies. 16(2), 351-374.Date: 1987 (archived)