Product

Given beer, wine and spirits have different ethanol content, sales volume and drinker type preferences (e.g., heavy, moderate, underage), and thereby have differential health effects, governments often apply distinct regulations to each beverage type to help control their use. Such control measures include differences in where and when beverage types can be sold, advertising restrictions, tax rates and labeling requirements. While historically the U.S. has adopted more stringent regulations for spirits, and research supports the more stringent treatment of spirits, harms related to beverage type, particularly those higher alcohol content products, such as spirits, remains an understudied area.  

Energy Drinks
Health Risks
Drinking Patterns
Standard Drinks
  1. Alcohol Measurement Methodology in Epidemiology: Recent Advances and Opportunities
    Greenfield TK, Kerr WC. Addiction. 103(7), 1082-1099.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  2. Alcohol Content Variation of Bar and Restaurant Drinks in Northern California
    Kerr WC, Patterson D, Koenen MA, Greenfield TK. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 32(9), 1623-1629.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  3. NSMS 37: Estimating Alcohol Consumption from Survey Data: Updated Method of Converting Volumes to Units
    Goddard E. UK Office for National Statistics. .
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  4. Distribution of Alcohol Consumption and Expenditures and the Impact of Improved Measurement on Coverage of Alcohol Sales in the 2000 National Alcohol Survey
    Kerr WC, Greenfield TK. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 31(10), 1714-1722.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  5. Using Drink Size to Talk About Drinking During Pregnancy: Early Start Plus
    Witbrodt J, Kaskutas LA, Diehl S, Armstrong MA, Escobar GJ, Taillac C, . Journal of Addictions Nursing. 18(4), 199-206.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  6. Estimates of the Mean Alcohol Concentration of the Spirits, Wine, and Beer Sold in the United States and Per Capita Consumption: 1950 to 2002
    Kerr WC, Greenfield TK, Tujague J. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 30(9), 1583-1591.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  7. The Alcohol Content of Wine Consumed in the United States and Per Capita Consumption: New Estimates Reveal Different Trends
    Kerr WC, Greenfield TK, Tujague J, Brown SE. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 30(3), 516-522.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  8. A Drink is a Drink? Variation in the Amount of Alcohol Contained in Beer, Wine and Spirits drinks in a United States Methodological Sample
    Kerr WC, Greenfield TK, Tujague J, Brown SE. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 29(11), 2015-2021.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  9. Variation in the Alcohol Content of a ‘Drink’ of Wine and Spirit Poured by a Sample of the Scottish Population
    Gill JS, Donaghy M. Health Education Research. 19(5), 485-491.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  10. National and State Estimates of the Mean Ethanol Content of Beer Sold in the United States and their Impact on Per Capita Consumption Estimates: 1988 to 2001
    Kerr WC, Brown S, Greenfield TK. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 28(10), 1524-1532.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  11. An Alternative to Standard Drinks as a Measure of Alcohol Consumption
    Kaskutas LA, Graves K. Journal of Substance Abuse. 12(1-2), 67-78.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  12. Does the Concept of a Standard Drink Apply to Viticultural Societies?
    Gual A, Martos AR, Lligona A, Llopis JJ. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 34(2), 153-160.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  13. The Alcohol Content of Self-Report and ‘Standard’ Drinks
    Lemmens PH. Addiction. 89(5), 593-601.
    Date: 1994 (archived)
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