Product

Given beer, wine and spirits have different ethanol content, sales volume and drinker type preferences (e.g., heavy, moderate, underage), and thereby have differential health effects, governments often apply distinct regulations to each beverage type to help control their use. Such control measures include differences in where and when beverage types can be sold, advertising restrictions, tax rates and labeling requirements. While historically the U.S. has adopted more stringent regulations for spirits, and research supports the more stringent treatment of spirits, harms related to beverage type, particularly those higher alcohol content products, such as spirits, remains an understudied area.  

Energy Drinks
Health Risks
Drinking Patterns
Standard Drinks
  1. Beverage-Specific Alcohol Consumption and Cirrhosis Mortality in a Group of English-Speaking Beer-Drinking Countries
    Kerr WC, Fillmore KM, Marvy P. Addiction. 95(3), 339-346.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  2. Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in Middle-Aged Men from France and Northern Ireland. the Prime Study
    Marques-Vidal P, Arveiler D, Evans A, Montaye M, Bingham A, Ruidavets JB, . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 54(4), 321-328.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  3. Specific Alcoholic Beverages and Physical and Mental Health Among Adolescents
    Hansell S, White HR, Vali FM. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 60(2), 209-218.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  4. Moderate Drinking Reduced Risk of Heart Disease
    Klatsky AL. Alcohol Research & Health. 23(1), 15-23.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  5. Wine and Good Subjective Health
    Poikolainen K, Vartiainen E. American Journal of Epidemiology. 150(1), 47-50.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  6. Cirrhosis Mortality and Per Capita Consumption of Distilled Spirits, United States, 1949-94: Trend Analysis
    Roizen R, Kerr WC, Fillmore KM. British Medical Journal. 319(7211), 666-670.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  7. Time Series Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and Suicide Mortality in the United States, 1934-1987
    Caces F, Harford T. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 59(4), 455-461.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  8. Hard Liquor Drinking is Associated with Higher Risk of Cancer of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx Than Wine Drinking. a Case-Control Study in Uruguay
    De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Oreggia F, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M. Oral Oncology. 34(2), 99-104.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  9. Intake of Beer, Wine, and Spirits and Risk of Stroke : The Copenhagen City Heart Study
    Truelsen T, Gronbaek M, Schnohr P, Boysen G. Stroke. 29(12), 2467-2472.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  10. Red Wine, White Wine, Liquor, Beer, and Risk for Coronary Artery Disease Hospitalization
    Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. The American Journal of Cardiology. 80(4), 416-420.
    Date: 1997 (archived)
  11. Association of the Waist-To-Hip Ratio is Different with Wine Than with Beer or Hard Liquor Consumption. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Investigators
    Duncan BB, Chambless LE, Schmidt MI, Folsom AR, Szklo M, Crouse JR, 3rd . American Journal of Epidemiology. 142(10), 1034-1038.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  12. Relationships Between Beer, Wine, and Spirits Consumption and Suicide Rates in United States from 1977-1988
    Liu T. Omega. 32(3), 227-240.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  13. Alcohol Consumption in the European Community: Uniformity and Diversity in Drinking Patterns
    Hupkens CL, Knibbe RA, Drop MJ. Addiction. 88(10), 1391-1404.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  14. Alcoholic Beverage Choice and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease Mortality: Do Red Wine Drinkers Fare Best?
    Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA. The American Journal of Cardiology. 71(5), 467-469.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  15. Type of Alcoholic Beverage and Cancer of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus in An Italian Area with High Wine Consumption
    Barra S, Franceschi S, Negri E, Talamini R, La Vecchia C. International Journal of Cancer. 46(6), 1017-1020.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
  16. Beverage Preference, Beverage Type and Subject Gender as Determinants of Alcohol Consumption in the Laboratory
    Kidorf M, Lang AR, Pelham WE. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 51(4), 331-335.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
  17. Correlates of Alcoholic Beverage Preference: Traits of Persons Who Choose Wine, Liquor or Beer
    Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Kipp H. British Journal of Addiction. 85(10), 1279-1289.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
  18. Type of Alcoholic Beverage and Oral Cancer
    Kabat GC, Wynder EL. International Journal of Cancer. 43(2), 190-194.
    Date: 1989 (archived)
  19. Type of Alcoholic Beverage and Cancer of the Upper Respiratory and Digestive Tract
    Leclerc A, Brugere J, Luce D, Point D, Guenel P. European Journal of Cancer & Clinical Oncology. 23(5), 529-534.
    Date: 1987 (archived)
  20. Esophageal Cancer and Alcohol Consumption; Importance of Type of Beverage
    Tuyns AJ, Pequignot G, Abbatucci JS. International Journal of Cancer. 23(4), 443-447.
    Date: 1979 (archived)
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