Product

Given beer, wine and spirits have different ethanol content, sales volume and drinker type preferences (e.g., heavy, moderate, underage), and thereby have differential health effects, governments often apply distinct regulations to each beverage type to help control their use. Such control measures include differences in where and when beverage types can be sold, advertising restrictions, tax rates and labeling requirements. While historically the U.S. has adopted more stringent regulations for spirits, and research supports the more stringent treatment of spirits, harms related to beverage type, particularly those higher alcohol content products, such as spirits, remains an understudied area.  

Energy Drinks
Health Risks
Drinking Patterns
Standard Drinks
  1. Beverage Choice Among Native American and African American Urban Women
    Graves K, Kaskutas LA. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 26(2), 218-222.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  2. Where Have All the Winos Gone?
    Klatsky AL. Epidemiology. 13(2), 120-122.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  3. Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in 10 European Countries Participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (Epic) Project
    Sieri S, Agudo A, Kesse E, Klipstein-Grobusch K, San-Jose B, Welch AA, . Public Health Nutrition. 5(6B), 1287-1296.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  4. Intake of Wine, Beer, and Spirits and the Risk of Clinical Common Cold
    Takkouche B, Regueira-Mendez C, Garcia-Closas R, Figueiras A, Gestal-Otero JJ, Hernan MA. American Journal of Epidemiology. 155(9), 853-858.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  5. Factors Influencing the Relation Between Alcohol and Mortality—With Focus on Wine
    Gronbaek M. Journal of Internal Medicine. 250(4), 291-308.
    Date: 2001 (archived)
  6. Nutritional and Health Benefits of Beer
    Denke MA. The American Journal of Medical Sciences. 320(5), 320-326.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  7. Drinking and Driving: Explaining Beverage-Specific Risks
    Gruenewald PJ, Johnson FW, Millar A, Mitchell PR. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 61(4), 515-523.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  8. Influence of Dose and Beverage Type Instructions on Alcohol Outcome Expectancies of DUI of Offenders
    Guarna J, Rosenberg H. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 61(2), 341-344.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  9. Beverage-Specific Alcohol Consumption and Cirrhosis Mortality in a Group of English-Speaking Beer-Drinking Countries
    Kerr WC, Fillmore KM, Marvy P. Addiction. 95(3), 339-346.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  10. Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in Middle-Aged Men from France and Northern Ireland. the Prime Study
    Marques-Vidal P, Arveiler D, Evans A, Montaye M, Bingham A, Ruidavets JB, . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 54(4), 321-328.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  11. Specific Alcoholic Beverages and Physical and Mental Health Among Adolescents
    Hansell S, White HR, Vali FM. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 60(2), 209-218.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  12. Moderate Drinking Reduced Risk of Heart Disease
    Klatsky AL. Alcohol Research & Health. 23(1), 15-23.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  13. Wine and Good Subjective Health
    Poikolainen K, Vartiainen E. American Journal of Epidemiology. 150(1), 47-50.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  14. Cirrhosis Mortality and Per Capita Consumption of Distilled Spirits, United States, 1949-94: Trend Analysis
    Roizen R, Kerr WC, Fillmore KM. British Medical Journal. 319(7211), 666-670.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  15. Time Series Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and Suicide Mortality in the United States, 1934-1987
    Caces F, Harford T. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 59(4), 455-461.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  16. Hard Liquor Drinking is Associated with Higher Risk of Cancer of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx Than Wine Drinking. a Case-Control Study in Uruguay
    De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Oreggia F, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M. Oral Oncology. 34(2), 99-104.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  17. Intake of Beer, Wine, and Spirits and Risk of Stroke : The Copenhagen City Heart Study
    Truelsen T, Gronbaek M, Schnohr P, Boysen G. Stroke. 29(12), 2467-2472.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  18. Red Wine, White Wine, Liquor, Beer, and Risk for Coronary Artery Disease Hospitalization
    Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. The American Journal of Cardiology. 80(4), 416-420.
    Date: 1997 (archived)
  19. Association of the Waist-To-Hip Ratio is Different with Wine Than with Beer or Hard Liquor Consumption. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Investigators
    Duncan BB, Chambless LE, Schmidt MI, Folsom AR, Szklo M, Crouse JR, 3rd . American Journal of Epidemiology. 142(10), 1034-1038.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  20. Relationships Between Beer, Wine, and Spirits Consumption and Suicide Rates in United States from 1977-1988
    Liu T. Omega. 32(3), 227-240.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
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