Product

Given beer, wine and spirits have different ethanol content, sales volume and drinker type preferences (e.g., heavy, moderate, underage), and thereby have differential health effects, governments often apply distinct regulations to each beverage type to help control their use. Such control measures include differences in where and when beverage types can be sold, advertising restrictions, tax rates and labeling requirements. While historically the U.S. has adopted more stringent regulations for spirits, and research supports the more stringent treatment of spirits, harms related to beverage type, particularly those higher alcohol content products, such as spirits, remains an understudied area.  

Energy Drinks
Health Risks
Drinking Patterns
Standard Drinks
  1. ‘I Drink Spirits to Get Drunk and Block Out My Problems...’ Beverage Preference, Drinking Motives and Alcohol Use in Adolescence
    Kuntsche E, Knibbe R, Gmel G, Engels R. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 41(5), 566-573.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  2. Clubgoers and their Trendy Cocktails: Implications of Mixing Caffeine into Alcohol on Information Processing and Subjective Reports of Intoxication
    Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 14(4), 450-458.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  3. A Drink is a Drink? Variation in the Amount of Alcohol Contained in Beer, Wine and Spirits drinks in a United States Methodological Sample
    Kerr WC, Greenfield TK, Tujague J, Brown SE. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 29(11), 2015-2021.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  4. Alcohol Intake in Relation to Body Mass Index and Waist-To-Hip Ratio: The Importance of Type of Alcoholic Beverage
    Lukasiewicz E, Mennen LI, Bertrais S, Arnault N, Preziosi P, Galan P, . Public Health Nutrition. 8(3), 315-320.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  5. Wine, Beer and Spirits and Risk of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer: A Case-Control Study from Italy and Switzerland
    Altieri A, Bosetti C, Gallus S, Franceschi S, Dal Maso L, Talamini R, . Oral Oncology. 40(9), 904-909.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  6. High Alcohol Consumption in Germany: Results of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998
    Burger M, Mensink GB. Public Health Nutrition. 7(7), 879-884.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  7. The Role of Type of Tobacco and Type of Alcoholic Beverage in Oral Carcinogenesis
    Castellsague X, Quintana MJ, Martinez MC, Nieto A, Sanchez MJ, Juan A, . International Journal of Cancer. 108(5), 741-749.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  8. Alcohol Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome: Does the Type of Beverage Matter?
    Djoussé L, Arnett DK, Eckfeldt JH, Province MA, Singer MR, Ellison RC. Obesity Research. 12(9), 1375-1385.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  9. Eating, Drinking and Being Depressed: The Social, Cultural and Psychological Context of Alcohol Consumption and Nutrition in a Brazilian Community
    Dressler WW, Ribeiro RP, Balieiro MC, Oths KS, Dos Santos JE. Social Science & Medicine. 59(4), 709-720.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  10. Does an Energy Drink Modify the Effects of Alcohol in a Maximal Effort Test?
    Ferreira SE, de Mello MT, Rossi MV, Souza-Formigoni ML. Alcoholism: Clinical and Eperimental Research. 28(9), 1408-1412.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  11. Variation in the Alcohol Content of a ‘Drink’ of Wine and Spirit Poured by a Sample of the Scottish Population
    Gill JS, Donaghy M. Health Education Research. 19(5), 485-491.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  12. Intake of Beer, Wine and Spirits and Risk of Heavy Drinking and Alcoholic Cirrhosis
    Grønbaek M, Jensen MK, Johansen D, Sorensen TI, Becker U. Biological Research. 37(2), 195-200.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  13. National and State Estimates of the Mean Ethanol Content of Beer Sold in the United States and their Impact on Per Capita Consumption Estimates: 1988 to 2001
    Kerr WC, Brown S, Greenfield TK. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 28(10), 1524-1532.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  14. Age, Period and Cohort Influences on Beer, Wine and Spirits Consumption Trends in the United States National Alcohol Surveys
    Kerr WC, Greenfield TK, Bond J, Ye Y, Rehm J. Addiction. 99(9), 1111-1120.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  15. Is the Relationship Between Type of Alcohol and Mortality Influenced by Socio- Economic Status?
    Nielsen NR, Schnohr P, Jensen G, Gronbaek M. Journal of Internal Medicine. 255(2), 280-288.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  16. Alcohol Concentration and Risk of Oral Cancer in Puerto Rico
    Huang WY, Winn DM, Brown LM, Gridley G, Bravo-Otero E, Diehl SR, . American Journal of Epidemiology. 157(10), 881-887.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  17. Wine, Liquor, Beer, and Mortality
    Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Armstrong MA, Kipp H. American Journal of Epidemiology. 158(6), 585-595.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  18. Adolescent Alcohol Beverage Type Choices Reflect their Substance Use Patterns and Attitudes
    Lintonen TP, Konu AI. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 32(4), 279-289.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  19. Roles of Drinking Pattern and Type of Alcohol Consumed in Coronary Heart Disease in Men
    Mukamal KJ, Conigrave KM, Mittleman MA, Camargo CA, Jr, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, . The New England Journal of Medicine. 348(2), 109-118.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  20. Low Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Wine Drinkers—is It the Alcohol Beverage or the Lifestyle?
    Rosell M, de Faire U, Hellenius M-L. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57(2), 227-234.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
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