Product

Given beer, wine and spirits have different ethanol content, sales volume and drinker type preferences (e.g., heavy, moderate, underage), and thereby have differential health effects, governments often apply distinct regulations to each beverage type to help control their use. Such control measures include differences in where and when beverage types can be sold, advertising restrictions, tax rates and labeling requirements. While historically the U.S. has adopted more stringent regulations for spirits, and research supports the more stringent treatment of spirits, harms related to beverage type, particularly those higher alcohol content products, such as spirits, remains an understudied area.  

Energy Drinks
Health Risks
Drinking Patterns
Standard Drinks
  1. Wine and Good Subjective Health
    Poikolainen K, Vartiainen E. American Journal of Epidemiology. 150(1), 47-50.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  2. Beer Drinking Accounts for Most of the Hazardous Alcohol Consumption Reported in the United States
    Rogers JD, Greenfield TK. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 60(6), 732-739.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  3. Cirrhosis Mortality and Per Capita Consumption of Distilled Spirits, United States, 1949-94: Trend Analysis
    Roizen R, Kerr WC, Fillmore KM. British Medical Journal. 319(7211), 666-670.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  4. The Relationship Between Alcohol Sales and Assault in New South Wales, Australia
    Stevenson RJ, Lind B, Weatherburn D. Addiction. 94(3), 397-410.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  5. Time Series Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and Suicide Mortality in the United States, 1934-1987
    Caces F, Harford T. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 59(4), 455-461.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  6. Hard Liquor Drinking is Associated with Higher Risk of Cancer of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx Than Wine Drinking. a Case-Control Study in Uruguay
    De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Oreggia F, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M. Oral Oncology. 34(2), 99-104.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  7. Intake of Beer, Wine, and Spirits and Risk of Stroke : The Copenhagen City Heart Study
    Truelsen T, Gronbaek M, Schnohr P, Boysen G. Stroke. 29(12), 2467-2472.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  8. Red Wine, White Wine, Liquor, Beer, and Risk for Coronary Artery Disease Hospitalization
    Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. The American Journal of Cardiology. 80(4), 416-420.
    Date: 1997 (archived)
  9. Behavioral and Social Consequences Related to the Consumption of Different Beverage Types
    Smart RG. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 57(1), 77-84.
    Date: 1996 (archived)
  10. Association of the Waist-To-Hip Ratio is Different with Wine Than with Beer or Hard Liquor Consumption. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Investigators
    Duncan BB, Chambless LE, Schmidt MI, Folsom AR, Szklo M, Crouse JR, 3rd . American Journal of Epidemiology. 142(10), 1034-1038.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  11. Relationships Between Beer, Wine, and Spirits Consumption and Suicide Rates in United States from 1977-1988
    Liu T. Omega. 32(3), 227-240.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  12. Do Some Types of Alcoholic Beverages Lead to More Problems for Adolescents?
    Smart RG, Walsh GW. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 56(1), 35-38.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  13. The Alcohol Content of Self-Report and ‘Standard’ Drinks
    Lemmens PH. Addiction. 89(5), 593-601.
    Date: 1994 (archived)
  14. Alcohol Consumption in the European Community: Uniformity and Diversity in Drinking Patterns
    Hupkens CL, Knibbe RA, Drop MJ. Addiction. 88(10), 1391-1404.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  15. Alcoholic Beverage Choice and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease Mortality: Do Red Wine Drinkers Fare Best?
    Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA. The American Journal of Cardiology. 71(5), 467-469.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  16. Beer Versus Mixed-Drink Consumption at Fraternity Parties: A Time and Place for Low-Alcohol Alternatives
    Geller ES, Kalsher MJ, Clarke SW. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 52(3), 197-204.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  17. Effect of Concentration of Ingested Ethanol on Blood Alcohol Levels
    Roine RP, Gentry RT, Lim RT, Jr, Baraona E, Lieber CS. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 15(4), 734-738.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  18. Type of Alcoholic Beverage and Cancer of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus in An Italian Area with High Wine Consumption
    Barra S, Franceschi S, Negri E, Talamini R, La Vecchia C. International Journal of Cancer. 46(6), 1017-1020.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
  19. Beverage Preference, Beverage Type and Subject Gender as Determinants of Alcohol Consumption in the Laboratory
    Kidorf M, Lang AR, Pelham WE. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 51(4), 331-335.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
  20. Correlates of Alcoholic Beverage Preference: Traits of Persons Who Choose Wine, Liquor or Beer
    Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Kipp H. British Journal of Addiction. 85(10), 1279-1289.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
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