Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability

Relating Off‐Premises Alcohol Outlet Density to Intentional and Unintentional Injuries

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Peer Reviewed: Changes in Density of On-Premises Alcohol Outlets and Impact on Violent Crime, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997–2007

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Alcohol Outlet Density, Drinking Contexts and Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of Environmental Risk Factors

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Association of the Availability of Beer, Wine, and Liquor Outlets with Beverage‐Specific Alcohol Consumption: A Cohort Study

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Off-Premise Alcohol Outlet Characteristics and Violence

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  1. Varying Impacts of Alcohol Outlet Densities on Violent Assaults: Explaining Differences Across Neighborhoods
    Mair C, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Remer L. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 74(1), 50-58.
    Date: 2013 (archived)
  2. Minimum Alcohol Prices and Outlet Densities in British Columbia, Canada: Estimated Impacts on Alcohol-Attributable Hospitable Admissions
    Stockwell T, Zhao J, Martin G, Macdonald S, Vallance K, Treno A, Ponicki W, Tu A, Buxton J. American Journal of Public Health [doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2013.301289]. .
    Date: 2013 (archived)
  3. Relationships Between Local Enforcement, Alcohol Availability, Drinking Norms, and Adolescent Alcohol Use in 50 California Cities
    Paschall MJ, Grube JW, Thomas S, Cannon C. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 73(4), 657-665.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  4. One on Every Corner: The Relationship Between Off-License Density and Alcohol Harms in Young People
    Alcohol Concern Youth Policy Project. London: Alcohol Concern. [Accessed: 2012-07-25. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www. Webcitation.Org/69Qlprkpv]. .
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  5. The Premises is the Premise: Understanding Off- and On-Premises Alcohol Sales Outlets to Improve Environmental Alcohol Prevention Strategies
    Chinman M, Burkhart Q, Ebener P, Fan C-C, Imm P, Osilla KC, . Prevention Science. 12(2), 181-191.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  6. Alcohol Outlets, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Intimate Partner Violence: Ecological Analysis of a California City
    Cunradi CB, Mair C, Ponicki W. Journal of Urban Health. 88(2), 191-200.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  7. Access to Alcohol Outlets and Harmful Alcohol Consumption: A Multi-Level Study in Melbourne, Australia
    Kavanagh AM, Kelly MT, Krnjacki L, Thornton L, Jolley D, Subramanian SV, . Addiction. 106(10), 1772-1779.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  8. A Longitudinal Analysis of Alcohol Outlet Density and Domestic Violence
    Livingston M. Addiction. 106(5), 919-925.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  9. Alcohol Availability and Youth Homicide in the 91 Largest United States Cities, 1984-2006
    Parker RN, Williams KR, McCaffree KJ, Acensio EK, Browne A, Strom KJ, Barrick K. Drug and Alcohol Review. 30(5), 505-514.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  10. Outlet Density as a Predictor of Alcohol of Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence
    Shamblen SR, Harris MS, Ringwalt CL, Flewelling RL, Clark HK, Hanley SM. Substance Use and Misuse. 46(8), 1049-1059.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  11. Impact on Alcohol-Related Mortality of a Rapid Rise in the Density of Private Liquor Outlets in British Columbia: A Local Area Multi-Level Analysis
    Stockwell T, Zhao J, Macdonald S, Vallance K, Gruenwald P, Ponicki W, . Addiction. 106(4), 768-776.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  12. The Neighborhood Alcohol Environment and At-Risk Drinking Among African Americans
    Theall KP, Lancaster BP, Lynch S, Haines RT, Scribner S, Scribner R, . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 35(5), 996-1003.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  13. Alcohol Regulation and Crime
    Carpenter C, Dobkin C. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series (No. 15828) [Accessed: 2012-07-26. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www.Webcitation.Org/69Rvqkvxu]./. .
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  14. Community Alcohol Outlet Density and Underage Drinking
    Chen M-J, Grube JW, Gruenewald PJ. Addiction. 105(2), 270-278.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  15. The Impact of Casinos on Fatal Alcohol-Related Traffic Accidents in the United States
    Cotti CD, Walker DM. Journal of Health Economics. 29(6), 788-796.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  16. Neighborhoods, Alcohol Outlets and Intimate Partner Violence: Addressing Research Gaps in Explanatory Mechanisms
    Cunradi CB. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7(3), 799-813.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  17. Alcohol Outlets and Violent Crime in Washington D.C
    Franklin FA, II LaVeist TA, Webster DW, Pan WK. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 11(3), 283-290.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  18. Alcohol Availability and Violence Among Inner-City Adolescents: A Multi-Level Analysis of the Role of Alcohol Outlet Density
    Resko SM, Walton MA, Bingham CR, Shope JT, Zimmerman M, Chermack ST, . American Journal of Community Psychology. 46(3-4), 253-262.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  19. An Ecological Analysis of Alcohol-Outlet Density and Campus-Reported Violence at 32 United States Colleges
    Scribner RA, Mason KE, Simonsen NR, Theall K, Chotalia J, Johnson S, . Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 71(2), 184-191.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  20. Alcohol Consumption, Alcohol Outlets, and the Risk of Being Assaulted with a Gun
    Branas CC, Elliott MR, Richmond TS, Culhane DP, Wiebe DJ. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 33(5), 906-915.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
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