Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability

Relating Off‐Premises Alcohol Outlet Density to Intentional and Unintentional Injuries

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Peer Reviewed: Changes in Density of On-Premises Alcohol Outlets and Impact on Violent Crime, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997–2007

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Alcohol Outlet Density, Drinking Contexts and Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of Environmental Risk Factors

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Association of the Availability of Beer, Wine, and Liquor Outlets with Beverage‐Specific Alcohol Consumption: A Cohort Study

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Off-Premise Alcohol Outlet Characteristics and Violence

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  1. The Effectiveness of Limiting Alcohol Outlet Density as a Means of Reducing Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol-Related Harms
    Campbell CA, Hahn RA, Elder R, Brewer R, Chattopadhyay S, Fielding J, . American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 37(6), 556-569.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  2. Hours and Days of Sale and Density of Alcohol Outlets: Impacts on Alcohol Consumption and Damage: A Systematic Review
    Popova S, Giesbrecht N, Bekmuradov D, Patra J. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 44(5), 500-516.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  3. Alcohol Environments and Disparities in Exposure Associated with Adolescent Drinking in California
    Truong KD, Sturm R. American Journal of Public Health. 99(2), 264-270.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  4. An Ecological Assessment of the Population and Environmental Correlates of Childhood Accident, Assault, and Child Abuse
    Freisthler B, Gruenewald PJ, Ring L, LaScala EA. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 32(11), 1969-1968.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  5. Why Do Alcohol Outlets Matter Anyway?
    Gruenewald P. Addiction. 103(10), 1585-1587.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  6. Density of Alcohol Outlets and Teenage Drinking: Living in An Alcogenic Environment is Associated with Higher Consumption in a Metropolitan Setting
    Huckle T, Huakau J, Sweetsur P, Huisman O, Casswell S. Addiction. 103(10), 1614-1621.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  7. Alcohol and Malt Liquor Availability and Promotion and Homicide in Inner Cities
    Jones-Webb R, McKee P, Hannan P, Wall M, Pham L, Erickson D, Wagenaar AC. Substance Use and Misuse. 43(2), 159-177.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  8. Alcohol Outlet Density and Assault: A Spatial Analysis
    Livingston M. Addiction. 103(4), 619-628.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  9. How Similar Are Youth and Adult Alcohol Behaviors?
    Nelson J. Atlantic Economic Journal. 36(1), 89-104.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  10. Examining Multi-Level Relationships Between Bars, Hostility and Aggression: Social Selection and Social Influence
    Treno AJ, Gruenewald PJ, Remer LG, Johnson F, Lascala EA. Addiction. 103(1), 66-77.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  11. Predicting Alcohol-Related Harms from Licensed Outlet Density: A Feasibility Study’ (Monograph No. 28)
    Chikritzhs T CP, Pascal R Henrickson N. Perth, Western Australia: National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund (NDLERF). .
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  12. Limits on Outlet Density and Location: Effects on Traffic Safety
    Gruenewald PJ. Paper presented at the Traffic Safety and Alcohol Regulation: A Symposium. Irvine, CA.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  13. Is Commercial Alcohol Availability Related to Adolescent Alcohol Sources and Alcohol Use?
    Paschall MJ, Grube JW, Black C, Ringwalt CL. Journal of Adolescent Health. 41(2), 168-174.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  14. The Impact of Outlet Densities on Alcohol-Related Crashes: A Spatial Panel Approach
    Treno AJ, Johnson FW, Remer LG, Gruenewald PJ. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 39(5), 894-901.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  15. Ecological Models of Alcohol Outlets and Violent Assaults: Crime Potentials and Geospatial Analysis
    Gruenewald PJ, Freisthler B, Remer L, LaScala EA, Treno AJ. Addiction. 101(5), 666-677.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  16. Alcohol Availability and Crime: A Robust Approach
    Gyimah-Brempong K, Racine J. Applied Economics. 38(11), 1293-1307.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  17. Hierarchical Bayesian Spatial Models for Alcohol Availability, Drug “Hot Spots” and Violent Crime
    Zhu L, Gorman DM, Horel S. International Journal of Health Geographics. 5(1), 54.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  18. Drug ‘Hot-Spots’, Alcohol Availability and Violence
    Gorman DM, Zhu L, Horel S. Drug and Alcohol Review. 24(6), 507-513.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  19. Alcohol Outlets and Child Physical Abuse and Neglect: Applying Routine Activities theory to the Study of Child Maltreatment
    Freisthler B, Midanik LT, Gruenewald PJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 65(5), 586-592.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  20. New Mexico’s 1998 Drive-Up Liquor Window Closure. Study I: Effect on Alcohol-Involved Crashes
    Lapham SC, Gruenewald PJ, Remer L, Layne L. Addiction. 99(5), 598-606.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
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