Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability

Relating Off‐Premises Alcohol Outlet Density to Intentional and Unintentional Injuries

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Peer Reviewed: Changes in Density of On-Premises Alcohol Outlets and Impact on Violent Crime, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997–2007

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Alcohol Outlet Density, Drinking Contexts and Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of Environmental Risk Factors

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Association of the Availability of Beer, Wine, and Liquor Outlets with Beverage‐Specific Alcohol Consumption: A Cohort Study

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Off-Premise Alcohol Outlet Characteristics and Violence

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  1. Violent Crime Redistribution in a City Following a Substantial Increase in the Number of Off‐Sale Alcohol Outlets: A Bayesian Analysis
    Gorman DM, Ponicki WR, Zheng Q, Han D, Gruenewald PJ, Gaidus AJ. Drug and Alcohol Review. 37(3), 348-355.
    Date: 2018
  2. Is Proximity to Alcohol Outlets Associated with Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol-Related Harm in Denmark?
    Seid AK, Berg-Beckhoff G, Stock C, Bloomfield K. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 35(2), 118-130.
    Date: 2018
  3. Alcohol Distribution Reforms and School Proximity to Liquor Sales Outlets in New Brunswick
    Slaunwhite AK, McEachern J, Ronis ST, Peters PA. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 108(5-6), 488-496.
    Date: 2018
  4. Mapping Patterns and Trends in the Spatial Availability of Alcohol Using Low-Level Geographic Data: A Case Study in England 2003–2013
    Angus C, Holmes J, Maheswaran R, Green MA, Meier P, Brennan A. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14(4), 406.
    Date: 2017
  5. Liquor Landscapes: Does Access to Alcohol Outlets Influence Alcohol Consumption in Young Adults?
    Foster S TG, Hooper P Oddy WH Wood L Knuiman M. Health Place. 45, 17-23.
    Date: 2017
  6. Does Alcohol Outlet Density Differ by Area‐Level Disadvantage in Metropolitan Perth?
    Foster S, Hooper P, Knuiman M, Trapp G, Wood L. Drug and Alcohol Review. 36(5), 701-708.
    Date: 2017
  7. Smoking and Binge-Drinking Among Adolescents, Ontario, Canada: Does the School Neighborhood Matter?
    Larsen K, To T, Irving HM, Boak A, Hamilton HA, Mann RE, Faulkner GEJ. Health & Place. 47, 108.
    Date: 2017
  8. The Association Between Alcohol Outlet Density and Alcohol Use Among Urban and Regional Australian Adolescents
    Azar D, White V, Coomber K, Faulkner A, Livingston M, Chikritzhs T, Wakefield M. Addiction. 111(1), 65-72.
    Date: 2016
  9. Testing Spatial Measures of Alcohol Outlet Density with Self‐Rated Health in the Australian Context: Implications for Policy and Practice
    Badland H, Mavoa S, Livingston M, David S, Giles‐Corti B. Drug and Alcohol Review. 35(3), 298-306.
    Date: 2016
  10. Alcohol Outlet Density and Violence: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach: Alcohol Outlet Density and Violence
    Cameron MP, Cochrane W, Gordon C, Livingston M. Drug and Alcohol Review. 35(3), 280-288.
    Date: 2016
  11. Are Alcohol Outlet Densities Strongly Associated with Alcohol-Related Outcomes? A Critical Review of Recent Evidence
    Gmel G, Holmes J, Studer J. Drug and Alcohol Review. 35(1), 40-54.
    Date: 2016
  12. Associations Between Alcohol Outlets and Emergency Department Injury Presentations: Effects of Distance from the Central Business District
    Hobday M, Meuleners L, Liang W, Gilmore W, Chikritzhs T. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 40(1), 43-48.
    Date: 2016
  13. Relating Off‐Premises Alcohol Outlet Density to Intentional and Unintentional Injuries
    Morrison C, Smith K, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Lee JP, Cameron P. Addiction. 111(1), 56-64.
    Date: 2016
  14. Longitudinal Associations of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Characteristics and Alcohol Availability on Drinking: Results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
    Brenner AB, Borrell LN, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Ana VDR. Social Science & Medicine. 145, 17-25.
    Date: 2015
  15. Alcohol Outlet Density and Related Use in an Urban Black Population in Philadelphia Public Housing Communities
    Cederbaum JA, Petering R, Hutchinson MK, He AS, Wilson JP, Jemmott rJB, Jemmott LS. Health & Place. 31, 31-38.
    Date: 2015
  16. A Review of Existing Studies Reporting the Negative Effects of Alcohol Access and Positive Effects of Alcohol Control Policies on Interpersonal Violence
    Fitterer JL, Nelson TA, Stockwell T. Frontiers in Public Health. 3, 253.
    Date: 2015
  17. Adolescents’ Experiences and Perceived (Dis)Advantages of the Three Main Outlet Types for Alcohol Purchases
    Gosselt JF, Strump T, van Hoof JJ. Journal of Health Psychology. 21(12), 3016-3025.
    Date: 2015
  18. Evaluating the Effects of a Large Increase in Off-Sale Alcohol Outlets on Motor Vehicle Crashes: A Time-Series Analysis
    Han D, Shipp EM, Gorman DM. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 22(4), 320-327.
    Date: 2015
  19. The Effect of Alcohol Outlets, Sales and Trading Hours on Alcohol-Related Injuries Presenting at Emergency Departments in Perth, Australia, from 2002 to 2010: Effect of Alcohol Outlets, Sales and Hours
    Hobday M, Chikritzhs T, Liang W, Meuleners L. Addiction. 110(12), 1901-1909.
    Date: 2015
  20. The Role of Alcohol Policies in Preventing Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of the Literature
    Kearns MC, Reidy DE, Valle LA. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 76(1), 21-30.
    Date: 2015
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