Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. Blood Alcohol Concentrations Among Bar Patrons: A Multi-Level Study of Drinking Behavior
    Clapp JD, Reed MB, Min JW, Shillington AM, Croff JM, Holmes MR, . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 102(1-3), 41-48.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  2. The Outcome from Legalizing Sunday Packaged Alcohol Sales on Traffic Accidents in New Mexico
    Maloney MT, Rudbeck JC. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 41(5), 1094-1098.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  3. Hours and Days of Sale and Density of Alcohol Outlets: Impacts on Alcohol Consumption and Damage: A Systematic Review
    Popova S, Giesbrecht N, Bekmuradov D, Patra J. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 44(5), 500-516.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  4. Do Relaxed Trading Hours for Bars and Clubs Mean More Relaxed Drinking?
    Stockwell T, Chikritzhs T. Crime Prevention and Community Safety. 11(3), 153-171.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  5. Changes in Per Capita Alcohol Sales During the Partial Privatization of British Columbia’s Retail Alcohol Monopoly 2003-2008: A Multilevel Local Area Analysis
    Stockwell T, Zhao J, Macdonald S, Pakula B, Gruenewald PJ, Holder HD. Addiction. 104(11), 1827-1836.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  6. Alcohol Environments and Disparities in Exposure Associated with Adolescent Drinking in California
    Truong KD, Sturm R. American Journal of Public Health. 99(2), 264-270.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  7. Alcohol Misuse: Tackling the UK Epidemic
    BMA Board of Science. London: British Medical Association. .
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  8. An Ecological Assessment of the Population and Environmental Correlates of Childhood Accident, Assault, and Child Abuse
    Freisthler B, Gruenewald PJ, Ring L, LaScala EA. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 32(11), 1969-1968.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  9. Why Do Alcohol Outlets Matter Anyway?
    Gruenewald P. Addiction. 103(10), 1585-1587.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  10. Density of Alcohol Outlets and Teenage Drinking: Living in An Alcogenic Environment is Associated with Higher Consumption in a Metropolitan Setting
    Huckle T, Huakau J, Sweetsur P, Huisman O, Casswell S. Addiction. 103(10), 1614-1621.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  11. Alcohol and Malt Liquor Availability and Promotion and Homicide in Inner Cities
    Jones-Webb R, McKee P, Hannan P, Wall M, Pham L, Erickson D, Wagenaar AC. Substance Use and Misuse. 43(2), 159-177.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  12. Alcohol Outlet Density and Assault: A Spatial Analysis
    Livingston M. Addiction. 103(4), 619-628.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  13. How Similar Are Youth and Adult Alcohol Behaviors?
    Nelson J. Atlantic Economic Journal. 36(1), 89-104.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  14. Old Enough for a Beer?
    Rossow I, Karlsson T, Raitasalo K. Addiction. 103(9), 1468-1473.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  15. A Randomized Trial to Evaluate a Management Training Program to Prevent Illegal Alcohol Sales
    Toomey TL, Erickson DJ, Lenk KM, Kilian GR, Perry CL, Wagenaar AC. Addiction. 103(3), 405-413.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  16. Examining Multi-Level Relationships Between Bars, Hostility and Aggression: Social Selection and Social Influence
    Treno AJ, Gruenewald PJ, Remer LG, Johnson F, Lascala EA. Addiction. 103(1), 66-77.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  17. A Tale of Two Cities: The Effect of Extended Drinking Hours in Licensed Establishments on Impaired Driving and Assault Charges
    Vingilis E, McLeod AI, Mann RE, Seeley J. Traffic Injury Prevention. 9(6), 527-533.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  18. Comparative Analysis of Alcohol Control Policies in 30 Countries
    Brand DA, Saisana M, Rynn LA, Pennoni F, Lowenfels AB. PLoS Medicine. 4(4), 0752-0759.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  19. Predicting Alcohol-Related Harms from Licensed Outlet Density: A Feasibility Study’ (Monograph No. 28)
    Chikritzhs T CP, Pascal R Henrickson N. Perth, Western Australia: National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund (NDLERF). .
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  20. The Effect of Restricting Opening Hours on Alcohol-Related Violence
    Duailibi S, Ponicki W, Grube J, Pinsky I, Laranjeira R, Raw M. American Journal of Public Health. 97(12), 2276-2280.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
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