Product

Given beer, wine and spirits have different ethanol content, sales volume and drinker type preferences (e.g., heavy, moderate, underage), and thereby have differential health effects, governments often apply distinct regulations to each beverage type to help control their use. Such control measures include differences in where and when beverage types can be sold, advertising restrictions, tax rates and labeling requirements. While historically the U.S. has adopted more stringent regulations for spirits, and research supports the more stringent treatment of spirits, harms related to beverage type, particularly those higher alcohol content products, such as spirits, remains an understudied area.  

Energy Drinks
Health Risks
Drinking Patterns
Standard Drinks
  1. Variation in the Alcohol Content of a ‘Drink’ of Wine and Spirit Poured by a Sample of the Scottish Population
    Gill JS, Donaghy M. Health Education Research. 19(5), 485-491.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  2. Intake of Beer, Wine and Spirits and Risk of Heavy Drinking and Alcoholic Cirrhosis
    Grønbaek M, Jensen MK, Johansen D, Sorensen TI, Becker U. Biological Research. 37(2), 195-200.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  3. National and State Estimates of the Mean Ethanol Content of Beer Sold in the United States and their Impact on Per Capita Consumption Estimates: 1988 to 2001
    Kerr WC, Brown S, Greenfield TK. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 28(10), 1524-1532.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  4. Age, Period and Cohort Influences on Beer, Wine and Spirits Consumption Trends in the United States National Alcohol Surveys
    Kerr WC, Greenfield TK, Bond J, Ye Y, Rehm J. Addiction. 99(9), 1111-1120.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  5. Is the Relationship Between Type of Alcohol and Mortality Influenced by Socio- Economic Status?
    Nielsen NR, Schnohr P, Jensen G, Gronbaek M. Journal of Internal Medicine. 255(2), 280-288.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  6. Alcohol Concentration and Risk of Oral Cancer in Puerto Rico
    Huang WY, Winn DM, Brown LM, Gridley G, Bravo-Otero E, Diehl SR, . American Journal of Epidemiology. 157(10), 881-887.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  7. Wine, Liquor, Beer, and Mortality
    Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Armstrong MA, Kipp H. American Journal of Epidemiology. 158(6), 585-595.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  8. Adolescent Alcohol Beverage Type Choices Reflect their Substance Use Patterns and Attitudes
    Lintonen TP, Konu AI. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 32(4), 279-289.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  9. Roles of Drinking Pattern and Type of Alcohol Consumed in Coronary Heart Disease in Men
    Mukamal KJ, Conigrave KM, Mittleman MA, Camargo CA, Jr, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, . The New England Journal of Medicine. 348(2), 109-118.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  10. Low Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Wine Drinkers—is It the Alcohol Beverage or the Lifestyle?
    Rosell M, de Faire U, Hellenius M-L. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57(2), 227-234.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  11. Influence of Different Types of Alcoholic Beverages on Self-Reported Health Status
    Theobald H, Johansson SE, Engfeldt P. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 38(6), 583-588.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  12. Waist Circumference in Relation to History of Amount and Type of Alcohol: Results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study
    Vadstrup ES, Petersen L, Sorensen T, Gronbaek M. International Journal of Obesity. 27(2), 238-246.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  13. Alcoholic Beverage Preference, Diet, and Health Habits in the UNC Alumni Heart Study
    Barefoot JC, Gronbaek M, Feaganes JR, McPherson RS, Williams RB, Siegler IC. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 76(2), 466-472.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  14. Beverage Choice Among Native American and African American Urban Women
    Graves K, Kaskutas LA. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 26(2), 218-222.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  15. Alcoholic Beverage Preference and Risk of Becoming a Heavy Drinker
    Jensen MK, Andersen AT, Sorensen TI, Becker U, Thorsen T, Gronbaek M. Epidemiology. 13(2), 127-132.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  16. Where Have All the Winos Gone?
    Klatsky AL. Epidemiology. 13(2), 120-122.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  17. Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in 10 European Countries Participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (Epic) Project
    Sieri S, Agudo A, Kesse E, Klipstein-Grobusch K, San-Jose B, Welch AA, . Public Health Nutrition. 5(6B), 1287-1296.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  18. Intake of Wine, Beer, and Spirits and the Risk of Clinical Common Cold
    Takkouche B, Regueira-Mendez C, Garcia-Closas R, Figueiras A, Gestal-Otero JJ, Hernan MA. American Journal of Epidemiology. 155(9), 853-858.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  19. How Does the Body Deal with Energy from Alcohol?
    Buemann B, Astrup A. Nutrition. 17(7-8), 638-641.
    Date: 2001 (archived)
  20. Factors Influencing the Relation Between Alcohol and Mortality—With Focus on Wine
    Gronbaek M. Journal of Internal Medicine. 250(4), 291-308.
    Date: 2001 (archived)
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