Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability

The Impact of Retail Beverage Service Training and Social Host Laws on Adolescents' DUI Rates in San Diego County, California

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I'm Not a Regular Mom, I'm a Cool Mom: An Argument for Broader Civil Social Host Liability in Connecticut

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Changes in Alcohol Policies and Practices in Bars and Restaurants After Completion of Manager‐Focused Responsible Service Training

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  1. Last Call: Decreasing Drunk Driving Among 21-34-Year-Old Bar Patrons
    Rivara FP, Boisvert D, Relyea-Chew A, Gomez T. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 19(1), 53-61.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  2. Reducing Harm in Drinking Environments: A Systematic Review of Effective Approaches
    Jones L, Hughes K, Atkinson AM, Bellis MA. Health and Place. 17(2), 508- 518.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  3. Effects of Dram Shop Liability and Enhanced Over-Service Law Enforcement Initiatives on Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Related Harms: Two Community Guide Systematic Reviews
    Rammohan V, Hahn RA, Elder R, Brewer R, Fielding J, Naimi TS, . American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 41(3), 334-343.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  4. Alcohol Control Policies and Practices at Professional Sports Stadiums
    Lenk KM, Toomey TL, Erickson DJ, Kilian GR, Nelson TF, Fabian LEA. Public Health Reports. 125(5), 665-673.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  5. Blood Alcohol Concentrations Among Bar Patrons: A Multi-Level Study of Drinking Behavior
    Clapp JD, Reed MB, Min JW, Shillington AM, Croff JM, Holmes MR, . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 102(1-3), 41-48.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  6. A Randomized Trial to Evaluate a Management Training Program to Prevent Illegal Alcohol Sales
    Toomey TL, Erickson DJ, Lenk KM, Kilian GR, Perry CL, Wagenaar AC. Addiction. 103(3), 405-413.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  7. Alcohol Sales and Service to Underage Youth and Intoxicated Patrons: Effects of Responsible Beverage Service Training and Enforcement Interventions
    Wagenaar AC, Tobler AL. Paper presented at the Traffic Safety and Alcohol Regulation, Irvine, CA. .
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  8. Interventions in the Alcohol Server Setting for Preventing Injuries
    Ker K, Chinnock P. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(2). CD005244.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  9. Propensity of Alcohol Establishments to Sell to Obviously Intoxicated Patrons
    Lenk KM, Toomey TL, Erickson DJ. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 30(7), 1194-1199.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  10. Preventing Youth Access to Alcohol: Outcomes from a Multi-Community Time-Series Trial
    Wagenaar AC, Toomey TL, Erickson DJ. Addiction. 100(3), 335-345.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  11. Overserving at Licensed Premises in Stockholm: Effects of a Community Action Program
    Wallin E, Gripenberg J, Andréasson S. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 66(6), 806-814.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  12. Illegal Alcohol Sales to Obviously Intoxicated Patrons at Licensed Establishments
    Toomey TL, Wagenaar AC, Erickson DJ, Fletcher LA, Patrek W, Lenk KM. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 28(5), 769-774.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  13. State Laws Mandating or Promoting Training Programs for Alcohol Servers and Establishment Managers: An Assessment of Statutory and Administrative Procedures
    Mosher JF, Toomey TL, Good C, Harwood EM, Wagenaar AC. Journal of Public Health Policy. 23(1), 90-113.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  14. Reducing Harmful Alcohol- Related Behaviors: Effective Regulatory Methods
    Stout EM, Sloan FA, Liang L, Davies HH. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 61(3), 402-412.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  15. Long-Term Effects of a Community-Wide Alcohol Server Training Intervention
    Buka SL, Birdthistle IJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 60(1), 27-36.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  16. Alcohol Outlet Workers and Managers: Focus Groups on Responsible Service Practices
    Gehan JP, Toomey TL, Jones-Webb R, Rothstein C, Wagenaar AC. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education. 44(2), 60-71.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  17. Alcohol Sales to Pseudo-Intoxicated Bar Patrons
    Toomey TL, Wagenaar AC, Kilian G, Fitch O, Rothstein C, Fletcher L. Public Health Reports. 114(4), 337-342.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  18. Comparing Statewide Alcohol Server Training Programs
    Dresser J, Glicksman L. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 61, 150.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  19. Qualitative Assessment of Responsible Alcohol Service Training Programs
    Toomey T, Kilian G, Gehan J, Wagenaar A, Perry C, Jones-Webb R. Public Health Reports. 113, 162-169.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  20. Qualitative Assessment of Training Programs for Alcohol Servers and Establishment Managers
    Toomey TL, Kilian GR, Gehan JP, Perry C, Jones-Webb R, Wagenaar AC. Public Health Reports. 113(2), 162-169.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
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