Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability

Relating Off‐Premises Alcohol Outlet Density to Intentional and Unintentional Injuries

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Peer Reviewed: Changes in Density of On-Premises Alcohol Outlets and Impact on Violent Crime, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997–2007

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Alcohol Outlet Density, Drinking Contexts and Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of Environmental Risk Factors

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Association of the Availability of Beer, Wine, and Liquor Outlets with Beverage‐Specific Alcohol Consumption: A Cohort Study

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Off-Premise Alcohol Outlet Characteristics and Violence

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  1. Are Barroom and Neighborhood Characteristics Independently Related to Local‐Area Assaults?
    Morrison C, Mair CF, Lee JP, Gruenewald PJ. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 39(12), 2463-2470.
    Date: 2015
  2. High Alcohol Concentration Products Associated with Poverty and State Alcohol Policies
    Rossheim ME, Thombs DL, Aryal S. American Journal of Public Health. 105(9), 1886-1892.
    Date: 2015
  3. The Association of Alcohol Outlet Density with Illegal Underage Adolescent Purchasing of Alcohol
    Rowland B, Toumbourou J, Livingston M. Journal of Adolescent Health. 56(2), 146-152.
    Date: 2015
  4. A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Relationship Between Tobacco and Alcohol Outlet Density and Neighborhood Deprivation
    Shortt NK, Tisch C, Pearce J, Mitchell R, Richardson EA, Hill S, Collin J. BMC Public Health. 15(1), 1014.
    Date: 2015
  5. Alcohol Outlets, Social Disorganization, and Robberies: Accounting for Neighborhood Characteristics and Alcohol Outlet Types
    Snowden AJ, Freiburger TL. Social Science Research. 51, 145-162.
    Date: 2015
  6. Peer Reviewed: Changes in Density of On-Premises Alcohol Outlets and Impact on Violent Crime, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997–2007
    Zhang X, Hatcher B, Clarkson L, Holt J, Bagchi S, Kanny D, Brewer RD. Preventing Chronic Disease. 12.
    Date: 2015
  7. Neighborhood Availability of Alcohol Outlets and Hazardous Alcohol Consumption in New Zealand
    Ayuka F BR, Pearce J. Health & Place. 29, 186-199.
    Date: 2014
  8. Do Neighborhood Demographics, Crime Rates, and Alcohol Outlet Density Predict Incidence, Severity, and Outcome of Hospitalization for Traumatic Injury? A Cross-Sectional Study of Dallas County, Texas, 2010
    Cook A, Gonzalez JR, Balasubramanian BA. Injury Epidemiology. 1,1-11.
    Date: 2014
  9. Alcohol Outlet Density, Drinking Contexts and Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of Environmental Risk Factors
    Cunradi CB, Mair C, Todd M. Journal of Drug Education. 44(1-2), 19-33.
    Date: 2014
  10. Inadequate Child Supervision: The Role of Alcohol Outlet Density, Parent Drinking Behaviors, and Social Support
    Freisthler B, Johnson-Motoyama M, Kepple NJ. Children and Youth Services Review. 43, 75-84.
    Date: 2014
  11. Association of the Availability of Beer, Wine, and Liquor Outlets with Beverage‐Specific Alcohol Consumption: A Cohort Study
    Halonen JI, Kivimäki M, Pentti J, Virtanen M, Subramanian SV, Kawachi I, Vahtera J. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 38(4), 1086-1093.
    Date: 2014
  12. Socio‐Spatial Patterning of Off‐Sale and On‐Sale Alcohol Outlets in a Texas City
    Han D, Gorman DM. Drug and Alcohol Review. 33(2), 152-160.
    Date: 2014
  13. A Population-Based Study of Premature Mortality in Relation to Neighborhood Density of Alcohol Sales and Cheque Cashing Outlets in Toronto, Canada
    Matheson FI, Creatore MI, Gozdyra P, Park AL, Ray JG. BMJ Open. 4(12), e006032.
    Date: 2014
  14. Neighborhood Alcohol Outlet Density and Rates of Child Abuse and Neglect: Moderating Effects of Access to Substance Abuse Services
    Morton CM, Simmel C, Peterson NA. Child Abuse & Neglect. 38(5), 952-961.
    Date: 2014
  15. The Relationship Between the Density of Alcohol Outlets and Parental Supply of Alcohol to Adolescents
    Rowland B, Toumbourou JW, Satyen L, Livingston M, Williams J. Addictive Behaviors. 39(12), 1898-1903.
    Date: 2014
  16. Off-Premise Alcohol Outlet Characteristics and Violence
    Snowden AJ, Pridemore WA. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 40(4), 327-335.
    Date: 2014
  17. Varying Impacts of Alcohol Outlet Densities on Violent Assaults: Explaining Differences Across Neighborhoods
    Mair C, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Remer L. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 74(1), 50-58.
    Date: 2013 (archived)
  18. Minimum Alcohol Prices and Outlet Densities in British Columbia, Canada: Estimated Impacts on Alcohol-Attributable Hospitable Admissions
    Stockwell T, Zhao J, Martin G, Macdonald S, Vallance K, Treno A, Ponicki W, Tu A, Buxton J. American Journal of Public Health [doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2013.301289]. .
    Date: 2013 (archived)
  19. Relationships Between Local Enforcement, Alcohol Availability, Drinking Norms, and Adolescent Alcohol Use in 50 California Cities
    Paschall MJ, Grube JW, Thomas S, Cannon C. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 73(4), 657-665.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  20. One on Every Corner: The Relationship Between Off-License Density and Alcohol Harms in Young People
    Alcohol Concern Youth Policy Project. London: Alcohol Concern. [Accessed: 2012-07-25. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www. Webcitation.Org/69Qlprkpv]. .
    Date: 2011 (archived)
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