Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability

Relating Off‐Premises Alcohol Outlet Density to Intentional and Unintentional Injuries

Learn More

Peer Reviewed: Changes in Density of On-Premises Alcohol Outlets and Impact on Violent Crime, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997–2007

Learn More

Alcohol Outlet Density, Drinking Contexts and Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of Environmental Risk Factors

Learn More

Association of the Availability of Beer, Wine, and Liquor Outlets with Beverage‐Specific Alcohol Consumption: A Cohort Study

Learn More

Off-Premise Alcohol Outlet Characteristics and Violence

Learn More
  1. The Relationship of Alcohol Outlet Density to Heavy and Frequent
    Weitzman ER, Folkman A, Folkman MP, Wechsler H. Health Place. 9(1), 1-6.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  2. Taking Up Binge Drinking in College: The Influences of Person, Social Group, and Environment
    Weitzman ER, Nelson TF, Wechsler H. Journal of Adolescent Health. 32(1), 26-35.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  3. The Relationship Between Liquor Outlet Density and Injury and Violence in New Mexico
    Escobedo LG, Ortiz M. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 34(5), 689-694.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  4. Outlets, Drinking and Driving: A Multilevel Analysis of Availability
    Gruenewald PJ, Johnson FW, Treno AJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 63(4), 460-468.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  5. Evaluation of Alcohol Outlet Density and Its Relation with Violence
    Laranjeira R, Hinkly D. Revista de Saúde Pública. 36(4), 455-461.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  6. Secondhand Effects of Student Alcohol Use Reported by Neighbors of Colleges: The Role of Alcohol Outlets
    Wechsler H, Lee JE, Hall J, Wagenaar AC, Lee H. Social Science & Medicine. 55(3), 425-435.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  7. Spatial Dynamics of Alcohol Availability, Neighborhood Structure and Violent Crime
    Gorman DM, Speer PW, Gruenewald PJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 62(5), 623-636.
    Date: 2001 (archived)
  8. Alcohol Home Delivery Services: A Source of Alcohol for Underage Drinkers
    Fletcher LA, Toomey TL, Wagenaar AC, Short B, Willenbring ML. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 61(1), 81-84.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  9. Alcohol Availability and Homicide in New Orleans: Conceptual Considerations for Small Area Analysis of the Effect of Alcohol Outlet Density
    Scribner R, Cohen D, Kaplan S, Allen SH. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 60(3), 310-316.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  10. Alcohol Availability and Domestic Violence
    Gorman DM, Labouvie EW, Speer PW, Subaiya AP. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 24(4), 661-673.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  11. Drive-Up Liquor Windows and Convicted Drunk Drivers: A Comparative Analysis of Place of Purchase
    Lewis NO, Lapham SC, Skipper BJ. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 30(6), 763-772.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  12. Treatment, Alcoholics Anonymous and Alcohol Controls During the Decrease in Alcohol Problems in Alberta: 1975-1993
    Smart RG, Mann RE. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 33(3), 265-272.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  13. Violent Crime and Alcohol Availability: Relationships in An Urban Community
    Speer PW, Gorman DM, Labouvie EW, Ontkush MJ. Journal of Public Health Policy. 19(3), 303-318.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  14. The Concentration of Liquor Outlets in An Economically Disadvantaged City in the Northeastern United States
    Gorman DM, Speer PW. Substance Use and Misuse. 32(14), 2033-2046.
    Date: 1997 (archived)
  15. Does Allowing the Sale of Wine in Quebec Grocery Stores Increase Consumption?
    Adrian M, Ferguson BS, Her M. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 57(4), 434-448.
    Date: 1996 (archived)
  16. The Geography of Availability and Drinking After Driving
    Gruenewald P, Millar A, Treno A, Ponicki W, Yang Z, Roeper P. Addiction. 91: 967-983.
    Date: 1996 (archived)
  17. Alcohol Availability and Alcohol Related Crashes: Does Distance Make a Difference?
    Giacopassi D, Winn R. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 21: 407-416.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  18. Alcohol Licensing System Changes and Alcohol Consumption: Introduction of Wine into New Zealand Grocery Stores
    Wagenaar AC, Langley JD. Addiction. 90(6), 773-783.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  19. Alcohol Outlet Density and Motor Vehicle Crashes in Los Angeles County Cities
    Scribner RA, MacKinnon DP, Dwyer JH. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 55(4), 447-453.
    Date: 1994 (archived)
  20. The Relationship of Outlet Densities to Alcohol Consumption: A Time Series Cross-Sectional Analysis
    Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Holder HD. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 17(1), 38-47.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
Archives