Place
Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.
- Direct Ship Blowout: How the Supreme Court’s Granholm Decision Has Led to a Flood of Non-Taxed Wine ShipmentsDunham J, Eng VF, Ronga P. American Association of Wine Economists (AAWE Working Paper No. 61). New York, NY. [Accessed: 2012-07-19. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www.Webcitation.Org/69Hkgq1Pq]. .Date: 2010 (archived)
- Politics, Economics, and the Regulation of Direct Interstate Shipping in the Wine IndustryRiekhof GM, Sykuta ME. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 87(2), 439-452.Date: 2005 (archived)
- Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity: Research and Public PolicyBabor TF, Caetano R, Casswell S, Griffith E, Giesbrecht N, Graham K, . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. .Date: 2003 (archived)
- Alcohol Home Delivery Services: A Source of Alcohol for Underage DrinkersFletcher LA, Toomey TL, Wagenaar AC, Short B, Willenbring ML. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 61(1), 81-84.Date: 2000 (archived)
- Wine Wars - Direct Shipment of Wine: The Twenty-First Amendment, the Commerce Clause, and Consumers’ RightsMartin SL. American Business Law Journal. 38(1), 1-40.Date: 2000 (archived)
- Sour Grapes on Capitol Hill. (Sale of Alcohol by Mail or Over the Internet)Moore WJ. National Journal. 29, 2424.Date: 1997 (archived)