Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability

Analysis of Price Changes in Washington Following the 2012 Liquor Privatization

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Estimated Increase in Cross‐Border Purchases by Washington Residents Following Liquor Privatization and Implications for Alcohol Consumption Trends

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Changes in Spirits Purchasing Behaviors After Privatization of Government Controlled Sales in Washington

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Survey Estimates of Changes in Alcohol Use Patterns Following the 2012 Privatization of the Washington Liquor Monopoly

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Washington State Spirits Privatization: How Satisfied Were Liquor Purchasers Before and After, and by Type of Retail Store in 2014?

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Opinions on the Privatization of Distilled-Spirits Sales in Washington State: Did Voters Change their Minds?

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The Spatio-Temporal Relationship Between Alcohol Outlets and Violence Before and After Privatization: A Natural Experiment, Seattle, WA 2010–2013

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  1. Effects of Alcohol Retail Privatization on Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Related Harms: A Community Guide Systematic Review
    Hahn RA, Middleton JC, Elder R, Brewer R, Fielding J, Naimi TS, . American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 42(4), 418-427.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  2. Recommendations on Privatization of Alcohol Retail Sales and Prevention of Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Related Harms
    Hahn RA, Middleton JC, Elder R, Brewer R, Fielding J, Naimi TS, . American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 42(4), 428-429.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  3. The Road Less Traveled: States That More Tightly Control the Sale and Distribution of Alcohol Have Lower Alcohol-Related Fatalities
    Wang J, Price M, Herzenberg S. Harrisburg, PA: Keystone Research Center. [Accessed: 2012-07-31. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www.Webcitation.Org/69Zu4Ytll]. .
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  4. Cost of Privatization Versus Government Alcohol Retailing Systems: Canadian Example
    Popova S, Patra J, Sarnocinska-Hart A, Gnam WH, Giesbrecht N, Rehm J. Drug and Alcohol Review. 9-Jan.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  5. Impact on Alcohol-Related Mortality of a Rapid Rise in the Density of Private Liquor Outlets in British Columbia: A Local Area Multi-Level Analysis
    Stockwell T, Zhao J, Macdonald S, Vallance K, Gruenwald P, Ponicki W, . Addiction. 106(4), 768-776.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  6. Potential Consequences of Replacing a Retail Alcohol Monopoly with a Private License System: Results from Sweden
    Norström T, Miller T, Holder H, Österberg E, Ramstedt M, Rossow I, . Addiction 105(12). 2113-2119.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  7. Public Monopoly and Economic Efficiency: Evidence from the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board’s Entry Decisions
    Seim K, Waldfogel J. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series (No. 16258) [Accessed: 2012-07-25. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www.Webcitation. Org/69Qclqgxi]. .
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  8. Changes in Per Capita Alcohol Sales During the Partial Privatization of British Columbia’s Retail Alcohol Monopoly 2003-2008: A Multilevel Local Area Analysis
    Stockwell T, Zhao J, Macdonald S, Pakula B, Gruenewald PJ, Holder HD. Addiction. 104(11), 1827-1836.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  9. Alcohol Misuse: Tackling the UK Epidemic
    BMA Board of Science. London: British Medical Association. .
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  10. How Similar Are Youth and Adult Alcohol Behaviors?
    Nelson J. Atlantic Economic Journal. 36(1), 89-104.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  11. Old Enough for a Beer?
    Rossow I, Karlsson T, Raitasalo K. Addiction. 103(9), 1468-1473.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  12. Comparative Analysis of Alcohol Control Policies in 30 Countries
    Brand DA, Saisana M, Rynn LA, Pennoni F, Lowenfels AB. PLoS Medicine. 4(4), 0752-0759.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  13. If Retail Alcohol Sales in Sweden Were Privatized, What Would Be the Potential Consequences?
    Holder H. Swedish National Institute of Public Health, Stockholm, Sweden. .
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  14. The Influence of EU on Alcohol Policy in a Non-EU Country
    Nordlund S. Journal of Substance Use. 12(6), 405-418.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  15. The Effects of Privatization of Alcohol Sales in Alberta on Suicide Mortality Rates
    Zalcman RF, Mann RE. Contemporary Drug Problems. 34(4), 589-609.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  16. Estimates of Harm Associated with Changes in Swedish Alcohol Policy: Results from Past and Present Estimates
    Andreasson S, Holder H, Norstrom T, Osterberg Eand Rossow I. Addiction. 101: 1096- 1105.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  17. Retail Alcohol Monopolies, Underage Drinking, and Youth Impaired Driving Deaths
    Miller T, Snowden C, Birckmayer J, Hendrie D. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 38(6), 1162-1167.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  18. International Trade Agreements Challenge Tobacco and Alcohol Control Policies
    Ziegler D. Drug and Alcohol Review. 25: 567-579.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  19. The State Sets the Rate: The Relationship Among State-Specific College Binge Drinking, State Binge Drinking Rates, and Selected State Alcohol Control Policies
    Nelson TF, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Wechsler H. The American Journal of Public Health. 95(3), 441-446.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  20. An Investigation of the Effect of Privatization of Retail Sales of Alcohol on Consumption and Traffic Accidents in Alberta, Canada
    Trolldal B. Addiction. 100(5), 662-671.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
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