Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability

Impacts of Changes to Trading Hours of Liquor Licenses on Alcohol-Related Harm: A Systematic Review 2005–2015

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The Impact of Extended Closing Times of Alcohol Outlets on Alcohol-Related Injuries in the Nightlife Areas of Amsterdam: A Controlled Before-And-After Evaluation

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Restrictions in Pub Closing Times and Lockouts in Newcastle, Australia Five Years On

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  1. Alcohol Outlet Business Hours and Violent Crime in New York State
    Schofield TP, Denson TF. Alcohol and Alcoholism [Doi: 10.1093/Alcalc/Agt003]. .
    Date: 2013 (archived)
  2. Commentary on Rossow and Norström (2012): When Should Bars Close?
    Graham K. Addiction. 107(3), 538-539.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  3. Relationships Between Local Enforcement, Alcohol Availability, Drinking Norms, and Adolescent Alcohol Use in 50 California Cities
    Paschall MJ, Grube JW, Thomas S, Cannon C. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 73(4), 657-665.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  4. The Impact of Small Changes in Bar Closing Hours on Violence: The Norwegian Experience from 18 Cities
    Rossow I, Norström T. Addiction. 107(3), 530-537.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  5. Effects of Restricting Pub Closing Times on Night-Time Assaults in an Australian City
    Kypri K, Jones C, McElduff P, Barker D. Addiction. 106(2), 303-310.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  6. Alcohol Regulation and Crime
    Carpenter C, Dobkin C. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series (No. 15828) [Accessed: 2012-07-26. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www.Webcitation.Org/69Rvqkvxu]./. .
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  7. Effects of Sunday Sales Restrictions on Overall and Day-Specific Alcohol Consumption: Evidence from Canada
    Carpenter CS, Eisenberg D. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 70(1), 126-133.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  8. The Outcome from Legalizing Sunday Packaged Alcohol Sales on Traffic Accidents in New Mexico
    Maloney MT, Rudbeck JC. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 41(5), 1094-1098.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  9. Hours and Days of Sale and Density of Alcohol Outlets: Impacts on Alcohol Consumption and Damage: A Systematic Review
    Popova S, Giesbrecht N, Bekmuradov D, Patra J. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 44(5), 500-516.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  10. Do Relaxed Trading Hours for Bars and Clubs Mean More Relaxed Drinking?
    Stockwell T, Chikritzhs T. Crime Prevention and Community Safety. 11(3), 153-171.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  11. A Tale of Two Cities: The Effect of Extended Drinking Hours in Licensed Establishments on Impaired Driving and Assault Charges
    Vingilis E, McLeod AI, Mann RE, Seeley J. Traffic Injury Prevention. 9(6), 527-533.
    Date: 2008 (archived)
  12. The Effect of Restricting Opening Hours on Alcohol-Related Violence
    Duailibi S, Ponicki W, Grube J, Pinsky I, Laranjeira R, Raw M. American Journal of Public Health. 97(12), 2276-2280.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  13. Geographic Variability in Alcohol-Related Crashes in Response to Legalized Sunday Packaged Alcohol Sales in New Mexico
    McMillan GP, Hanson TE, Lapham SC. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 39(2), 252-257.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  14. The Effect of Sunday Sales Bans and Excise Taxes on Drinking and Cross- Border Shopping for Alcoholic Beverages
    Stehr M. National Tax Journal. 60(1), 85-105.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  15. The Effects of Establishing Closing Hours in Juarez, Mexico
    Voas RB, Romano E, Kelley-Baker T. Paper presented at the Traffic Safety and Alcohol Regulation: A Symposium, Irvine, CA. .
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  16. The Impact of Later Trading Hours for Hotels on Levels of Impaired Driver Road Crashes and Driver Breath Alcohol Levels
    Chikritzhs T, Stockwell T. Addiction. 101(9), 1254-1264.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  17. Legalized Sunday Packaged Alcohol Sales and Alcohol-Related Traffic Crashes and Crash Fatalities in New Mexico (Ban on Sunday Packaged Alcohol Sales )
    McMillan GP, Lapham S. The American Journal of Public Health. 96(11), 1944-1948.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  18. The Impact of Ontario’s Extended Drinking Hours on Cross-Border Cities of Windsor and Detroit
    Vingilis E, McLeod AI, Seeley J, Mann R, Voas R, Compton C. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 38(1), 63-70.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  19. The 2003 Licensing Act: An Act of Stupidity?
    Goodacre S. Emergency Medicine Journal. 22(10), 682.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  20. Road Safety Impact of Extended Drinking Hours in Ontario
    Vingilis E, McLeod AI, Seeley J, Mann RE, Beirness D, Compton CP. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 37(3), 549-556.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
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