Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. Varying Impacts of Alcohol Outlet Densities on Violent Assaults: Explaining Differences Across Neighborhoods
    Mair C, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Remer L. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 74(1), 50-58.
    Date: 2013 (archived)
  2. Alcohol Outlet Business Hours and Violent Crime in New York State
    Schofield TP, Denson TF. Alcohol and Alcoholism [Doi: 10.1093/Alcalc/Agt003]. .
    Date: 2013 (archived)
  3. Minimum Alcohol Prices and Outlet Densities in British Columbia, Canada: Estimated Impacts on Alcohol-Attributable Hospitable Admissions
    Stockwell T, Zhao J, Martin G, Macdonald S, Vallance K, Treno A, Ponicki W, Tu A, Buxton J. American Journal of Public Health [doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2013.301289]. .
    Date: 2013 (archived)
  4. Commentary on Rossow and Norström (2012): When Should Bars Close?
    Graham K. Addiction. 107(3), 538-539.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  5. Effects of Alcohol Retail Privatization on Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Related Harms: A Community Guide Systematic Review
    Hahn RA, Middleton JC, Elder R, Brewer R, Fielding J, Naimi TS, . American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 42(4), 418-427.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  6. Recommendations on Privatization of Alcohol Retail Sales and Prevention of Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Related Harms
    Hahn RA, Middleton JC, Elder R, Brewer R, Fielding J, Naimi TS, . American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 42(4), 428-429.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  7. Relationships Between Local Enforcement, Alcohol Availability, Drinking Norms, and Adolescent Alcohol Use in 50 California Cities
    Paschall MJ, Grube JW, Thomas S, Cannon C. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 73(4), 657-665.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  8. Last Call: Decreasing Drunk Driving Among 21-34-Year-Old Bar Patrons
    Rivara FP, Boisvert D, Relyea-Chew A, Gomez T. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 19(1), 53-61.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  9. The Impact of Small Changes in Bar Closing Hours on Violence: The Norwegian Experience from 18 Cities
    Rossow I, Norström T. Addiction. 107(3), 530-537.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  10. The Raising of Minimum Alcohol Prices in Saskatchewan, Canada: Impacts on Consumption and Implications for Public Health
    Stockwell T, Zhao J, Giesbrecht N, Macdonald S, Thomas G, Wettlaufer A. American Journal of Public Health. 102(12), e103-e110.
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  11. The Road Less Traveled: States That More Tightly Control the Sale and Distribution of Alcohol Have Lower Alcohol-Related Fatalities
    Wang J, Price M, Herzenberg S. Harrisburg, PA: Keystone Research Center. [Accessed: 2012-07-31. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www.Webcitation.Org/69Zu4Ytll]. .
    Date: 2012 (archived)
  12. One on Every Corner: The Relationship Between Off-License Density and Alcohol Harms in Young People
    Alcohol Concern Youth Policy Project. London: Alcohol Concern. [Accessed: 2012-07-25. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www. Webcitation.Org/69Qlprkpv]. .
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  13. The Premises is the Premise: Understanding Off- and On-Premises Alcohol Sales Outlets to Improve Environmental Alcohol Prevention Strategies
    Chinman M, Burkhart Q, Ebener P, Fan C-C, Imm P, Osilla KC, . Prevention Science. 12(2), 181-191.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  14. Alcohol Outlets, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Intimate Partner Violence: Ecological Analysis of a California City
    Cunradi CB, Mair C, Ponicki W. Journal of Urban Health. 88(2), 191-200.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  15. Reducing Harm in Drinking Environments: A Systematic Review of Effective Approaches
    Jones L, Hughes K, Atkinson AM, Bellis MA. Health and Place. 17(2), 508- 518.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  16. Access to Alcohol Outlets and Harmful Alcohol Consumption: A Multi-Level Study in Melbourne, Australia
    Kavanagh AM, Kelly MT, Krnjacki L, Thornton L, Jolley D, Subramanian SV, . Addiction. 106(10), 1772-1779.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  17. Effects of Restricting Pub Closing Times on Night-Time Assaults in an Australian City
    Kypri K, Jones C, McElduff P, Barker D. Addiction. 106(2), 303-310.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  18. A Longitudinal Analysis of Alcohol Outlet Density and Domestic Violence
    Livingston M. Addiction. 106(5), 919-925.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  19. Alcohol Availability and Youth Homicide in the 91 Largest United States Cities, 1984-2006
    Parker RN, Williams KR, McCaffree KJ, Acensio EK, Browne A, Strom KJ, Barrick K. Drug and Alcohol Review. 30(5), 505-514.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  20. Cost of Privatization Versus Government Alcohol Retailing Systems: Canadian Example
    Popova S, Patra J, Sarnocinska-Hart A, Gnam WH, Giesbrecht N, Rehm J. Drug and Alcohol Review. 9-Jan.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
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