Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. Effects of Dram Shop Liability and Enhanced Over-Service Law Enforcement Initiatives on Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Related Harms: Two Community Guide Systematic Reviews
    Rammohan V, Hahn RA, Elder R, Brewer R, Fielding J, Naimi TS, . American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 41(3), 334-343.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  2. Outlet Density as a Predictor of Alcohol of Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence
    Shamblen SR, Harris MS, Ringwalt CL, Flewelling RL, Clark HK, Hanley SM. Substance Use and Misuse. 46(8), 1049-1059.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  3. Impact on Alcohol-Related Mortality of a Rapid Rise in the Density of Private Liquor Outlets in British Columbia: A Local Area Multi-Level Analysis
    Stockwell T, Zhao J, Macdonald S, Vallance K, Gruenwald P, Ponicki W, . Addiction. 106(4), 768-776.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  4. The Neighborhood Alcohol Environment and At-Risk Drinking Among African Americans
    Theall KP, Lancaster BP, Lynch S, Haines RT, Scribner S, Scribner R, . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 35(5), 996-1003.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  5. Alcohol Controls and Violence in Nunavut: A Comparison of Wet and Dry Communities
    Wood DS. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 70 (1), 19-28.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  6. Alcohol Regulation and Crime
    Carpenter C, Dobkin C. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series (No. 15828) [Accessed: 2012-07-26. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www.Webcitation.Org/69Rvqkvxu]./. .
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  7. Community Alcohol Outlet Density and Underage Drinking
    Chen M-J, Grube JW, Gruenewald PJ. Addiction. 105(2), 270-278.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  8. The Impact of Casinos on Fatal Alcohol-Related Traffic Accidents in the United States
    Cotti CD, Walker DM. Journal of Health Economics. 29(6), 788-796.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  9. Neighborhoods, Alcohol Outlets and Intimate Partner Violence: Addressing Research Gaps in Explanatory Mechanisms
    Cunradi CB. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7(3), 799-813.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  10. Direct Ship Blowout: How the Supreme Court’s Granholm Decision Has Led to a Flood of Non-Taxed Wine Shipments
    Dunham J, Eng VF, Ronga P. American Association of Wine Economists (AAWE Working Paper No. 61). New York, NY. [Accessed: 2012-07-19. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www.Webcitation.Org/69Hkgq1Pq]. .
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  11. Alcohol Outlets and Violent Crime in Washington D.C
    Franklin FA, II LaVeist TA, Webster DW, Pan WK. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 11(3), 283-290.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  12. What Are the Policy Lessons of National Alcohol Prohibition in the United States, 1920-1933?
    Hall W. Addiction. 10-Jan.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  13. Alcohol Control Policies and Practices at Professional Sports Stadiums
    Lenk KM, Toomey TL, Erickson DJ, Kilian GR, Nelson TF, Fabian LEA. Public Health Reports. 125(5), 665-673.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  14. Potential Consequences of Replacing a Retail Alcohol Monopoly with a Private License System: Results from Sweden
    Norström T, Miller T, Holder H, Österberg E, Ramstedt M, Rossow I, . Addiction 105(12). 2113-2119.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  15. Alcohol Availability and Violence Among Inner-City Adolescents: A Multi-Level Analysis of the Role of Alcohol Outlet Density
    Resko SM, Walton MA, Bingham CR, Shope JT, Zimmerman M, Chermack ST, . American Journal of Community Psychology. 46(3-4), 253-262.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  16. An Ecological Analysis of Alcohol-Outlet Density and Campus-Reported Violence at 32 United States Colleges
    Scribner RA, Mason KE, Simonsen NR, Theall K, Chotalia J, Johnson S, . Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 71(2), 184-191.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  17. Public Monopoly and Economic Efficiency: Evidence from the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board’s Entry Decisions
    Seim K, Waldfogel J. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series (No. 16258) [Accessed: 2012-07-25. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www.Webcitation. Org/69Qclqgxi]. .
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  18. Alcohol Consumption, Alcohol Outlets, and the Risk of Being Assaulted with a Gun
    Branas CC, Elliott MR, Richmond TS, Culhane DP, Wiebe DJ. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 33(5), 906-915.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  19. The Effectiveness of Limiting Alcohol Outlet Density as a Means of Reducing Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol-Related Harms
    Campbell CA, Hahn RA, Elder R, Brewer R, Chattopadhyay S, Fielding J, . American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 37(6), 556-569.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
  20. Effects of Sunday Sales Restrictions on Overall and Day-Specific Alcohol Consumption: Evidence from Canada
    Carpenter CS, Eisenberg D. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 70(1), 126-133.
    Date: 2009 (archived)
Show All