Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. Limits on Outlet Density and Location: Effects on Traffic Safety
    Gruenewald PJ. Paper presented at the Traffic Safety and Alcohol Regulation: A Symposium. Irvine, CA.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  2. If Retail Alcohol Sales in Sweden Were Privatized, What Would Be the Potential Consequences?
    Holder H. Swedish National Institute of Public Health, Stockholm, Sweden. .
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  3. Geographic Variability in Alcohol-Related Crashes in Response to Legalized Sunday Packaged Alcohol Sales in New Mexico
    McMillan GP, Hanson TE, Lapham SC. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 39(2), 252-257.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  4. The Influence of EU on Alcohol Policy in a Non-EU Country
    Nordlund S. Journal of Substance Use. 12(6), 405-418.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  5. Is Commercial Alcohol Availability Related to Adolescent Alcohol Sources and Alcohol Use?
    Paschall MJ, Grube JW, Black C, Ringwalt CL. Journal of Adolescent Health. 41(2), 168-174.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  6. The Effect of Sunday Sales Bans and Excise Taxes on Drinking and Cross- Border Shopping for Alcoholic Beverages
    Stehr M. National Tax Journal. 60(1), 85-105.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  7. The Impact of Outlet Densities on Alcohol-Related Crashes: A Spatial Panel Approach
    Treno AJ, Johnson FW, Remer LG, Gruenewald PJ. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 39(5), 894-901.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  8. The Effects of Establishing Closing Hours in Juarez, Mexico
    Voas RB, Romano E, Kelley-Baker T. Paper presented at the Traffic Safety and Alcohol Regulation: A Symposium, Irvine, CA. .
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  9. Alcohol Sales and Service to Underage Youth and Intoxicated Patrons: Effects of Responsible Beverage Service Training and Enforcement Interventions
    Wagenaar AC, Tobler AL. Paper presented at the Traffic Safety and Alcohol Regulation, Irvine, CA. .
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  10. The Effects of Privatization of Alcohol Sales in Alberta on Suicide Mortality Rates
    Zalcman RF, Mann RE. Contemporary Drug Problems. 34(4), 589-609.
    Date: 2007 (archived)
  11. Estimates of Harm Associated with Changes in Swedish Alcohol Policy: Results from Past and Present Estimates
    Andreasson S, Holder H, Norstrom T, Osterberg Eand Rossow I. Addiction. 101: 1096- 1105.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  12. The Impact of Later Trading Hours for Hotels on Levels of Impaired Driver Road Crashes and Driver Breath Alcohol Levels
    Chikritzhs T, Stockwell T. Addiction. 101(9), 1254-1264.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  13. Ecological Models of Alcohol Outlets and Violent Assaults: Crime Potentials and Geospatial Analysis
    Gruenewald PJ, Freisthler B, Remer L, LaScala EA, Treno AJ. Addiction. 101(5), 666-677.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  14. Alcohol Availability and Crime: A Robust Approach
    Gyimah-Brempong K, Racine J. Applied Economics. 38(11), 1293-1307.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  15. Interventions in the Alcohol Server Setting for Preventing Injuries
    Ker K, Chinnock P. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(2). CD005244.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  16. Propensity of Alcohol Establishments to Sell to Obviously Intoxicated Patrons
    Lenk KM, Toomey TL, Erickson DJ. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 30(7), 1194-1199.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  17. Legalized Sunday Packaged Alcohol Sales and Alcohol-Related Traffic Crashes and Crash Fatalities in New Mexico (Ban on Sunday Packaged Alcohol Sales )
    McMillan GP, Lapham S. The American Journal of Public Health. 96(11), 1944-1948.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  18. Retail Alcohol Monopolies, Underage Drinking, and Youth Impaired Driving Deaths
    Miller T, Snowden C, Birckmayer J, Hendrie D. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 38(6), 1162-1167.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  19. The Impact of Ontario’s Extended Drinking Hours on Cross-Border Cities of Windsor and Detroit
    Vingilis E, McLeod AI, Seeley J, Mann R, Voas R, Compton C. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 38(1), 63-70.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  20. Hierarchical Bayesian Spatial Models for Alcohol Availability, Drug “Hot Spots” and Violent Crime
    Zhu L, Gorman DM, Horel S. International Journal of Health Geographics. 5(1), 54.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
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