Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. International Trade Agreements Challenge Tobacco and Alcohol Control Policies
    Ziegler D. Drug and Alcohol Review. 25: 567-579.
    Date: 2006 (archived)
  2. The 2003 Licensing Act: An Act of Stupidity?
    Goodacre S. Emergency Medicine Journal. 22(10), 682.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  3. Drug ‘Hot-Spots’, Alcohol Availability and Violence
    Gorman DM, Zhu L, Horel S. Drug and Alcohol Review. 24(6), 507-513.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  4. The State Sets the Rate: The Relationship Among State-Specific College Binge Drinking, State Binge Drinking Rates, and Selected State Alcohol Control Policies
    Nelson TF, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Wechsler H. The American Journal of Public Health. 95(3), 441-446.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  5. Politics, Economics, and the Regulation of Direct Interstate Shipping in the Wine Industry
    Riekhof GM, Sykuta ME. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 87(2), 439-452.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  6. An Investigation of the Effect of Privatization of Retail Sales of Alcohol on Consumption and Traffic Accidents in Alberta, Canada
    Trolldal B. Addiction. 100(5), 662-671.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  7. The Privatization of Wine Sales in Quebec in 1978 and 1983 to 1984
    Trolldal B. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 29: 410-416.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  8. Road Safety Impact of Extended Drinking Hours in Ontario
    Vingilis E, McLeod AI, Seeley J, Mann RE, Beirness D, Compton CP. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 37(3), 549-556.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  9. Preventing Youth Access to Alcohol: Outcomes from a Multi-Community Time-Series Trial
    Wagenaar AC, Toomey TL, Erickson DJ. Addiction. 100(3), 335-345.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  10. Overserving at Licensed Premises in Stockholm: Effects of a Community Action Program
    Wallin E, Gripenberg J, Andréasson S. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 66(6), 806-814.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  11. Alcohol Outlets and Child Physical Abuse and Neglect: Applying Routine Activities theory to the Study of Child Maltreatment
    Freisthler B, Midanik LT, Gruenewald PJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 65(5), 586-592.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  12. New Mexico’s 1998 Drive-Up Liquor Window Closure. Study I: Effect on Alcohol-Involved Crashes
    Lapham SC, Gruenewald PJ, Remer L, Layne L. Addiction. 99(5), 598-606.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  13. New Mexico’s 1998 Drive-Up Liquor Window Closure. Study Ii: Economic Impact on Owners
    Lapham SC, Skipper BJ. Addiction. 99(5), 607-611.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  14. International Trade Agreements: Hazards to Health?
    Shaffer ERand Brenner J. International Journal of Health Services. 34: 467-481.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  15. Illegal Alcohol Sales to Obviously Intoxicated Patrons at Licensed Establishments
    Toomey TL, Wagenaar AC, Erickson DJ, Fletcher LA, Patrek W, Lenk KM. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 28(5), 769-774.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  16. Alcohol Outlet Density and Violence: A Geospatial Analysis
    Zhu L, Gorman DM, Horel S. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 39(4), 369-375.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  17. Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity: Research and Public Policy
    Babor TF, Caetano R, Casswell S, Griffith E, Giesbrecht N, Graham K, . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. .
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  18. Sobering Result: The Alberta Liquor Retailing Industry Ten Years After Privatization
    Flanagan G. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and Parkland Institute, Ottawa, Canada. .
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  19. Extended Alcohol Licensing Hours in England and Wales: There Will Be a Large Price to Pay
    Foster J. Education Prevention and Policy. 10, 285-287.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  20. Evaluating Alcohol Access and the Alcohol Environment in Neighborhood Areas
    Freisthler B, Gruenewald PJ, Treno AJ, Lee J. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 27(3), 477-484.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
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