Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. Effects of Communities, Neighborhoods and Stores on Retail Pricing and Promotion of Beer
    Harwood EM, Erickson DJ, Fabian LEA, Jones-Webb R, Slater S, Chaloupka FJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 64(5), 720-726.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  2. Advertising Bans, Monopoly, and Alcohol Demand: Testing for Substitution Effects Using State Panel Data
    Nelson JP. Review of Industrial Organization. 22(1), 1-25.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  3. Saturday Opening of Alcohol Retail Shops in Sweden: An Impact Analysis
    Nörstrom T, Skog O-J. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 64(3), 393-401.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  4. The Relationship of Alcohol Outlet Density to Heavy and Frequent
    Weitzman ER, Folkman A, Folkman MP, Wechsler H. Health Place. 9(1), 1-6.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  5. Taking Up Binge Drinking in College: The Influences of Person, Social Group, and Environment
    Weitzman ER, Nelson TF, Wechsler H. Journal of Adolescent Health. 32(1), 26-35.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  6. The Impact of Later Trading Hours for Australian Public Houses (Hotels) on Levels of Violence
    Chikritzhs T, Stockwell T. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 63(5), 591-599.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  7. The Relationship Between Liquor Outlet Density and Injury and Violence in New Mexico
    Escobedo LG, Ortiz M. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 34(5), 689-694.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  8. Outlets, Drinking and Driving: A Multilevel Analysis of Availability
    Gruenewald PJ, Johnson FW, Treno AJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 63(4), 460-468.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  9. Evaluation of Alcohol Outlet Density and Its Relation with Violence
    Laranjeira R, Hinkly D. Revista de Saúde Pública. 36(4), 455-461.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  10. State Laws Mandating or Promoting Training Programs for Alcohol Servers and Establishment Managers: An Assessment of Statutory and Administrative Procedures
    Mosher JF, Toomey TL, Good C, Harwood EM, Wagenaar AC. Journal of Public Health Policy. 23(1), 90-113.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  11. Secondhand Effects of Student Alcohol Use Reported by Neighbors of Colleges: The Role of Alcohol Outlets
    Wechsler H, Lee JE, Hall J, Wagenaar AC, Lee H. Social Science & Medicine. 55(3), 425-435.
    Date: 2002 (archived)
  12. Spatial Dynamics of Alcohol Availability, Neighborhood Structure and Violent Crime
    Gorman DM, Speer PW, Gruenewald PJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 62(5), 623-636.
    Date: 2001 (archived)
  13. UK Government Announces First Major Relaxation in the Alcohol Licensing Laws for Nearly a Century: Drinking in the UK Goes 24-7
    Drummond DC. Addiction. 95(7), 997-998.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  14. Alcohol Home Delivery Services: A Source of Alcohol for Underage Drinkers
    Fletcher LA, Toomey TL, Wagenaar AC, Short B, Willenbring ML. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 61(1), 81-84.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  15. Wine Wars - Direct Shipment of Wine: The Twenty-First Amendment, the Commerce Clause, and Consumers’ Rights
    Martin SL. American Business Law Journal. 38(1), 1-40.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  16. Reducing Harmful Alcohol- Related Behaviors: Effective Regulatory Methods
    Stout EM, Sloan FA, Liang L, Davies HH. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 61(3), 402-412.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  17. Double Marginalization and Privatization in Liquor Retailing
    West DS. Review of Industrial Organization. 16(4), 399-415.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  18. Long-Term Effects of a Community-Wide Alcohol Server Training Intervention
    Buka SL, Birdthistle IJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 60(1), 27-36.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  19. Alcohol Outlet Workers and Managers: Focus Groups on Responsible Service Practices
    Gehan JP, Toomey TL, Jones-Webb R, Rothstein C, Wagenaar AC. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education. 44(2), 60-71.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  20. Dynamic Gains and Static Losses in Oligopoly: Evidence from the Beer Industry
    Gisser M. Economic Inquiry. 37(3), 554-573.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
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