Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. Privatizing Alcohol Sales and Alcohol Consumption: Evidence and Implications
    Her M, Giesbrecht N, Room R, Rehm J. Addiction. 94(8), 1125-1139.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  2. Alcohol Availability and Homicide in New Orleans: Conceptual Considerations for Small Area Analysis of the Effect of Alcohol Outlet Density
    Scribner R, Cohen D, Kaplan S, Allen SH. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 60(3), 310-316.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  3. Alcohol Sales to Pseudo-Intoxicated Bar Patrons
    Toomey TL, Wagenaar AC, Kilian G, Fitch O, Rothstein C, Fletcher L. Public Health Reports. 114(4), 337-342.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  4. Comparing Statewide Alcohol Server Training Programs
    Dresser J, Glicksman L. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 61, 150.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  5. Alcohol Availability and Domestic Violence
    Gorman DM, Labouvie EW, Speer PW, Subaiya AP. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 24(4), 661-673.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  6. Implications of Privatizing Deregulating Alcohol Retail Sales: Projections of Alcohol Consumption in Ontario
    Her M, Giesbrecht N, Room R, Rehm J. Journal of Substance Abuse. 10(4), 355-373.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  7. “Responsive Regulation” Theory and the Sale of Liquor Act
    Hill L, Stewart L. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand (pp. 49-65). .
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  8. The Public Interest and Liquor Licenses in Ontario
    Kulis RE. Contemporary Drug Problems. 25, 85-97.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  9. Drive-Up Liquor Windows and Convicted Drunk Drivers: A Comparative Analysis of Place of Purchase
    Lewis NO, Lapham SC, Skipper BJ. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 30(6), 763-772.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  10. Treatment, Alcoholics Anonymous and Alcohol Controls During the Decrease in Alcohol Problems in Alberta: 1975-1993
    Smart RG, Mann RE. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 33(3), 265-272.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  11. Violent Crime and Alcohol Availability: Relationships in An Urban Community
    Speer PW, Gorman DM, Labouvie EW, Ontkush MJ. Journal of Public Health Policy. 19(3), 303-318.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  12. Qualitative Assessment of Responsible Alcohol Service Training Programs
    Toomey T, Kilian G, Gehan J, Wagenaar A, Perry C, Jones-Webb R. Public Health Reports. 113, 162-169.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  13. Qualitative Assessment of Training Programs for Alcohol Servers and Establishment Managers
    Toomey TL, Kilian GR, Gehan JP, Perry C, Jones-Webb R, Wagenaar AC. Public Health Reports. 113(2), 162-169.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  14. The Concentration of Liquor Outlets in An Economically Disadvantaged City in the Northeastern United States
    Gorman DM, Speer PW. Substance Use and Misuse. 32(14), 2033-2046.
    Date: 1997 (archived)
  15. Sour Grapes on Capitol Hill. (Sale of Alcohol by Mail or Over the Internet)
    Moore WJ. National Journal. 29, 2424.
    Date: 1997 (archived)
  16. Altering Alcohol Price by Ethanol Content: Results from a Swedish Tax Policy in 1992
    Ponicki W, Holder HD, Gruenewald PJ, Romelsjö A. Addiction. 92(7), 859-870.
    Date: 1997 (archived)
  17. A Community-Wide Responsible Beverage Service Program in Three Communities: Early Findings
    Saltz RF, Stanghetta P. Addiction. 92 Suppl 2, S237-249.
    Date: 1997 (archived)
  18. Does Allowing the Sale of Wine in Quebec Grocery Stores Increase Consumption?
    Adrian M, Ferguson BS, Her M. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 57(4), 434-448.
    Date: 1996 (archived)
  19. The Geography of Availability and Drinking After Driving
    Gruenewald P, Millar A, Treno A, Ponicki W, Yang Z, Roeper P. Addiction. 91: 967-983.
    Date: 1996 (archived)
  20. Alcohol Availability and Alcohol Related Crashes: Does Distance Make a Difference?
    Giacopassi D, Winn R. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 21: 407-416.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
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