Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. Potential Consequences from Possible Changes to Nordic Retail Alcohol Monopolies Resulting from European Union Membership
    Holder HD, Giesbrecht N, Horverak O, Nordlund S, Norström T, Olsson O, . Addiction. 90(12), 1603-1618.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  2. Young Teenagers and Access to Alcohol in a Swiss Canton: Evidence from Observational Testing and from a Telephone Survey
    Vaucher S, Rehm J, Benvenuti J, Müller R. Addiction. 90(12), 1619-1625.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  3. Changes in Alcohol Consumption Resulting from the Elimination of Retail Wine Monopolies: Results from Five United States
    Wagenaar AC, Holder HD. Journal of Studies on Alcohol (Vol. 56. pp. 566-572).
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  4. Alcohol Licensing System Changes and Alcohol Consumption: Introduction of Wine into New Zealand Grocery Stores
    Wagenaar AC, Langley JD. Addiction. 90(6), 773-783.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  5. Mandated Server Training and Reduced Alcohol-Involved Traffic Crashes: A Time Series Analysis of the Oregon Experience
    Holder HD, Wagenaar AC. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 26(1), 89-97.
    Date: 1994 (archived)
  6. Alcohol Outlet Density and Motor Vehicle Crashes in Los Angeles County Cities
    Scribner RA, MacKinnon DP, Dwyer JH. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 55(4), 447-453.
    Date: 1994 (archived)
  7. Effects of Prices, Civil and Criminal Sanctions, and Law Enforcement on Alcohol-Related Mortality
    Sloan FA, Reilly BA, Schenzler C. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 55(4), 454-465.
    Date: 1994 (archived)
  8. Privatization, Price and Cross- Border Liquor Purchases
    Fitzgerald JL, Mulford HA. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 54, 462-464.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  9. The Relationship of Outlet Densities to Alcohol Consumption: A Time Series Cross-Sectional Analysis
    Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Holder HD. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 17(1), 38-47.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  10. Alcoholic Beverage Server Liability and the Reduction of Alcohol-Involved Problems
    Holder HD, Janes K, Mosher J, Saltz R, Spurr S, Wagenaar AC. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 54(1), 23-36.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  11. The Effects of a Sunday Liquor Sales Ban on DUI Arrests
    Ligon J, Thyer BA. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education. 38(2), 33-40.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  12. The Geographic Relationship Between Alcohol Use, Bars, Liquor Shops and Traffic Injuries in Rotterdam
    Van Oers J, Garretsen H. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 54: 739-744.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  13. Alcohol Availability and the formal Power and Resources of State Alcohol Beverage Control Agencies
    Gruenewald PJ, Madden P, Janes K. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 16(3), 591-597.
    Date: 1992 (archived)
  14. The Effect of a Temporary Period of Relaxed Licensing Laws on the Alcohol Consumption of Young Male Drinkers
    McLaughlin KL, Harrison-Stewart AJ. The International Journal of the Addictions. 27(4), 409-423.
    Date: 1992 (archived)
  15. Alcohol Availability and Consumption: Iowa Sales Data Revisited
    Mulford HA, Ledolter J, Fitzgerald JL. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 53(5), 487-494.
    Date: 1992 (archived)
  16. Relationship Between the Number and Type of Alcohol Outlets and Mortality Due to Liver Cirrhosis and Traffic Accidents
    Smith DI. Drug and Alcohol Review. 11(2), 145-151.
    Date: 1992 (archived)
  17. The Relationship Between License Type and Alcohol-Related Problems Attributed to Licensed Premises in Perth, Western Australia
    Stockwell T, Somerford P, Lang E. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 53(5), 495-498.
    Date: 1992 (archived)
  18. Responsible Alcohol Service: A Study of Server, Manager, and Environmental Impact
    Howard-Pitney B, Johnson MD, Altman DG, Hopkins R, Hammond N. American Journal of Public Health. 81(2), 197-199.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  19. Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Server- Intervention Education
    McKnight AJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 52(5), 389-397.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  20. A Change from Public to Private Sale of Wine: Results from Natural Experiments in Iowa and West Virginia
    Wagenaar AC, Holder HD. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 52(2), 162-173.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
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