Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability

Changes in Alcohol Policies and Practices in Bars and Restaurants After Completion of Manager‐Focused Responsible Service Training

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The Impact of Retail Beverage Service Training and Social Host Laws on Adolescents' DUI Rates in San Diego County, California

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I'm Not a Regular Mom, I'm a Cool Mom: An Argument for Broader Civil Social Host Liability in Connecticut

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  1. A Community-Wide Responsible Beverage Service Program in Three Communities: Early Findings
    Saltz RF, Stanghetta P. Addiction. 92 Suppl 2, S237-249.
    Date: 1997 (archived)
  2. Young Teenagers and Access to Alcohol in a Swiss Canton: Evidence from Observational Testing and from a Telephone Survey
    Vaucher S, Rehm J, Benvenuti J, Müller R. Addiction. 90(12), 1619-1625.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  3. Mandated Server Training and Reduced Alcohol-Involved Traffic Crashes: A Time Series Analysis of the Oregon Experience
    Holder HD, Wagenaar AC. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 26(1), 89-97.
    Date: 1994 (archived)
  4. Effects of Prices, Civil and Criminal Sanctions, and Law Enforcement on Alcohol-Related Mortality
    Sloan FA, Reilly BA, Schenzler C. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 55(4), 454-465.
    Date: 1994 (archived)
  5. Alcoholic Beverage Server Liability and the Reduction of Alcohol-Involved Problems
    Holder HD, Janes K, Mosher J, Saltz R, Spurr S, Wagenaar AC. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 54(1), 23-36.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  6. Responsible Alcohol Service: A Study of Server, Manager, and Environmental Impact
    Howard-Pitney B, Johnson MD, Altman DG, Hopkins R, Hammond N. American Journal of Public Health. 81(2), 197-199.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  7. Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Server- Intervention Education
    McKnight AJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 52(5), 389-397.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  8. Effects of Alcoholic Beverage Server Liability on Traffic Crash Injuries
    Wagenaar AC, Holder HD. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 15(6), 942-947.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
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