Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability

Analysis of Price Changes in Washington Following the 2012 Liquor Privatization

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Estimated Increase in Cross‐Border Purchases by Washington Residents Following Liquor Privatization and Implications for Alcohol Consumption Trends

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Changes in Spirits Purchasing Behaviors After Privatization of Government Controlled Sales in Washington

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Survey Estimates of Changes in Alcohol Use Patterns Following the 2012 Privatization of the Washington Liquor Monopoly

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Washington State Spirits Privatization: How Satisfied Were Liquor Purchasers Before and After, and by Type of Retail Store in 2014?

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Opinions on the Privatization of Distilled-Spirits Sales in Washington State: Did Voters Change their Minds?

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The Spatio-Temporal Relationship Between Alcohol Outlets and Violence Before and After Privatization: A Natural Experiment, Seattle, WA 2010–2013

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  1. The Privatization of Wine Sales in Quebec in 1978 and 1983 to 1984
    Trolldal B. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 29: 410-416.
    Date: 2005 (archived)
  2. International Trade Agreements: Hazards to Health?
    Shaffer ERand Brenner J. International Journal of Health Services. 34: 467-481.
    Date: 2004 (archived)
  3. Sobering Result: The Alberta Liquor Retailing Industry Ten Years After Privatization
    Flanagan G. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and Parkland Institute, Ottawa, Canada. .
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  4. Advertising Bans, Monopoly, and Alcohol Demand: Testing for Substitution Effects Using State Panel Data
    Nelson JP. Review of Industrial Organization. 22(1), 1-25.
    Date: 2003 (archived)
  5. Double Marginalization and Privatization in Liquor Retailing
    West DS. Review of Industrial Organization. 16(4), 399-415.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  6. Dynamic Gains and Static Losses in Oligopoly: Evidence from the Beer Industry
    Gisser M. Economic Inquiry. 37(3), 554-573.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  7. Privatizing Alcohol Sales and Alcohol Consumption: Evidence and Implications
    Her M, Giesbrecht N, Room R, Rehm J. Addiction. 94(8), 1125-1139.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  8. Implications of Privatizing Deregulating Alcohol Retail Sales: Projections of Alcohol Consumption in Ontario
    Her M, Giesbrecht N, Room R, Rehm J. Journal of Substance Abuse. 10(4), 355-373.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  9. Altering Alcohol Price by Ethanol Content: Results from a Swedish Tax Policy in 1992
    Ponicki W, Holder HD, Gruenewald PJ, Romelsjö A. Addiction. 92(7), 859-870.
    Date: 1997 (archived)
  10. Potential Consequences from Possible Changes to Nordic Retail Alcohol Monopolies Resulting from European Union Membership
    Holder HD, Giesbrecht N, Horverak O, Nordlund S, Norström T, Olsson O, . Addiction. 90(12), 1603-1618.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  11. Changes in Alcohol Consumption Resulting from the Elimination of Retail Wine Monopolies: Results from Five United States
    Wagenaar AC, Holder HD. Journal of Studies on Alcohol (Vol. 56. pp. 566-572).
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  12. Privatization, Price and Cross- Border Liquor Purchases
    Fitzgerald JL, Mulford HA. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 54, 462-464.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  13. Alcohol Availability and the formal Power and Resources of State Alcohol Beverage Control Agencies
    Gruenewald PJ, Madden P, Janes K. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 16(3), 591-597.
    Date: 1992 (archived)
  14. Alcohol Availability and Consumption: Iowa Sales Data Revisited
    Mulford HA, Ledolter J, Fitzgerald JL. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 53(5), 487-494.
    Date: 1992 (archived)
  15. A Change from Public to Private Sale of Wine: Results from Natural Experiments in Iowa and West Virginia
    Wagenaar AC, Holder HD. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 52(2), 162-173.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  16. Effects of the Elimination of a State Monopoly on Distilled Spirits’ Retail Sales: A Time-Series Analysis of Iowa
    Holder HD, Wagenaar AC. British Journal of Addiction. 85(12), 1615-1625.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
  17. State Monopolies and Alcoholic Beverage Consumption
    Nelson JP. Journal of Regulatory Economics. 2(1): 83-98.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
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