Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. Liquor Legislation, Last Drinks, and Lockouts: The Newcastle (Australia) Solution
    Hoffman GR, Palazzi K, Oteng Boateng BK, Oldmeadow C. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 46(6), 740-745.
    Date: 2017
  2. Alcohol Retailing Systems: Private Versus Government Control in Preventing Alcohol-Related Problems: Evidence and Community-Based Initiatives
    Kerr WC, Barnett SBL. Preventing Alcohol-Related Problems: Evidence and community-based initiatives (pp. 137-150). Washington, DC: APHA Press.. .
    Date: 2017
  3. Alcohol Trade Restrictions and Alcohol Consumption: on the Effectiveness of State Policy
    Kolosnitsyna MG, Khorkina NA, Sitdikov MT. Studies on Russian Economic Development. 28(5), 548-557.
    Date: 2017
  4. Smoking and Binge-Drinking Among Adolescents, Ontario, Canada: Does the School Neighborhood Matter?
    Larsen K, To T, Irving HM, Boak A, Hamilton HA, Mann RE, Faulkner GEJ. Health & Place. 47, 108.
    Date: 2017
  5. Judicial Intervention in Alcohol Regulation: An Empirical Legal Analysis
    Muhunthan J, Angell B, Wilson A, Reeve B, Jan S. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 41(4), 365-370.
    Date: 2017
  6. Minimum Unit Pricing for Alcohol: The Most Cost-Effective of Cancer Prevention Strategies?
    Stockwell T. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 17(11), 981-983.
    Date: 2017
  7. What Are the Public Health and Safety Benefits of the Swedish Government Alcohol Monopoly?
    Stockwell T, Norström T, Angus C, Sherk A, Ramstedt M, Andréasson S, Chikritzhs T, Gripenberg J, Holder H, Holmes JMäkelä P. Centre for Addictions Research of BC, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. .
    Date: 2017
  8. Assessing the Impacts of Saskatchewan's Minimum Alcohol Pricing Regulations on Alcohol‐Related Crime
    Stockwell T, Zhao J, Sherk A, Callaghan RC, Macdonald S, Gatley J. Drug and Alcohol Review. 36(4), 492-501.
    Date: 2017
  9. Minimum Alcohol Pricing Policies in Practice: A Critical Examination of Implementation in Canada
    Thompson, K, Stockwell, T, Wettlaufer, A, Giesbrecht, N and Thomas, G. Journal of Public Health Policy. 38(1), 39-57.
    Date: 2017
  10. Purchases by Heavier Drinking Young People Concentrated in Lower Priced Beverages: Implications for Policy
    Wall M, Casswell S, Yeh LC. Drug and Alcohol Review. 36(3), 352-358.
    Date: 2017
  11. Liquor Licenses Issued to Australian Schools
    Ward BM, Kippen R, Munro G, Buykx P, McBride N, Wiggers J, Clark M. BMC Public Health. 18(1), 1-9.
    Date: 2017
  12. Better to Own or to Regulate? The Case of Alcohol Distribution and Sales
    Zullo R. Administration & Society. 49(2), 190-211.
    Date: 2017
  13. The Association Between Alcohol Outlet Density and Alcohol Use Among Urban and Regional Australian Adolescents
    Azar D, White V, Coomber K, Faulkner A, Livingston M, Chikritzhs T, Wakefield M. Addiction. 111(1), 65-72.
    Date: 2016
  14. Testing Spatial Measures of Alcohol Outlet Density with Self‐Rated Health in the Australian Context: Implications for Policy and Practice
    Badland H, Mavoa S, Livingston M, David S, Giles‐Corti B. Drug and Alcohol Review. 35(3), 298-306.
    Date: 2016
  15. Do Consumers Exploit Commitment Opportunities? Evidence from Natural Experiments Involving Liquor Consumption
    Bernheim BD, Meer J, Novarro NK. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 8(4), 41-69.
    Date: 2016
  16. Alcohol Outlet Density and Violence: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach: Alcohol Outlet Density and Violence
    Cameron MP, Cochrane W, Gordon C, Livingston M. Drug and Alcohol Review. 35(3), 280-288.
    Date: 2016
  17. Potential Impact of Minimum Unit Pricing for Alcohol in Ireland: Evidence from the National Alcohol Diary Survey
    Cousins G, Mongan D, Barry J, Smyth B, Rackard M, Long J. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 51(6), 734-740.
    Date: 2016
  18. Measurable Effects of Local Alcohol Licensing Policies on Population Health in England
    de Vocht F, Heron J, Angus C, Brennan A, Mooney J, Lock K, Hickman M. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 70(3), 231-237.
    Date: 2016
  19. Inferring the Intervention Effect of Local Alcohol Licensing Policies on Hospital Admission and Violent Crime: A Natural Experiment with Bayesian Synthetic Controls
    de Vocht FD, Tilling KP, Campbell RP, Hickman MP. The Lancet. 388, S43-S43.
    Date: 2016
  20. Are Alcohol Outlet Densities Strongly Associated with Alcohol-Related Outcomes? A Critical Review of Recent Evidence
    Gmel G, Holmes J, Studer J. Drug and Alcohol Review. 35(1), 40-54.
    Date: 2016
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