Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. Alcohol Home Delivery Services: A Source of Alcohol for Underage Drinkers
    Fletcher LA, Toomey TL, Wagenaar AC, Short B, Willenbring ML. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 61(1), 81-84.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  2. Wine Wars - Direct Shipment of Wine: The Twenty-First Amendment, the Commerce Clause, and Consumers’ Rights
    Martin SL. American Business Law Journal. 38(1), 1-40.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  3. Reducing Harmful Alcohol- Related Behaviors: Effective Regulatory Methods
    Stout EM, Sloan FA, Liang L, Davies HH. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 61(3), 402-412.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  4. Double Marginalization and Privatization in Liquor Retailing
    West DS. Review of Industrial Organization. 16(4), 399-415.
    Date: 2000 (archived)
  5. Long-Term Effects of a Community-Wide Alcohol Server Training Intervention
    Buka SL, Birdthistle IJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 60(1), 27-36.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  6. Alcohol Outlet Workers and Managers: Focus Groups on Responsible Service Practices
    Gehan JP, Toomey TL, Jones-Webb R, Rothstein C, Wagenaar AC. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education. 44(2), 60-71.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  7. Dynamic Gains and Static Losses in Oligopoly: Evidence from the Beer Industry
    Gisser M. Economic Inquiry. 37(3), 554-573.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  8. Privatizing Alcohol Sales and Alcohol Consumption: Evidence and Implications
    Her M, Giesbrecht N, Room R, Rehm J. Addiction. 94(8), 1125-1139.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  9. Alcohol Availability and Homicide in New Orleans: Conceptual Considerations for Small Area Analysis of the Effect of Alcohol Outlet Density
    Scribner R, Cohen D, Kaplan S, Allen SH. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 60(3), 310-316.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  10. Alcohol Sales to Pseudo-Intoxicated Bar Patrons
    Toomey TL, Wagenaar AC, Kilian G, Fitch O, Rothstein C, Fletcher L. Public Health Reports. 114(4), 337-342.
    Date: 1999 (archived)
  11. Comparing Statewide Alcohol Server Training Programs
    Dresser J, Glicksman L. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 61, 150.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  12. Alcohol Availability and Domestic Violence
    Gorman DM, Labouvie EW, Speer PW, Subaiya AP. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 24(4), 661-673.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  13. Implications of Privatizing Deregulating Alcohol Retail Sales: Projections of Alcohol Consumption in Ontario
    Her M, Giesbrecht N, Room R, Rehm J. Journal of Substance Abuse. 10(4), 355-373.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  14. “Responsive Regulation” Theory and the Sale of Liquor Act
    Hill L, Stewart L. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand (pp. 49-65). .
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  15. The Public Interest and Liquor Licenses in Ontario
    Kulis RE. Contemporary Drug Problems. 25, 85-97.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  16. Drive-Up Liquor Windows and Convicted Drunk Drivers: A Comparative Analysis of Place of Purchase
    Lewis NO, Lapham SC, Skipper BJ. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 30(6), 763-772.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  17. Treatment, Alcoholics Anonymous and Alcohol Controls During the Decrease in Alcohol Problems in Alberta: 1975-1993
    Smart RG, Mann RE. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 33(3), 265-272.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  18. Violent Crime and Alcohol Availability: Relationships in An Urban Community
    Speer PW, Gorman DM, Labouvie EW, Ontkush MJ. Journal of Public Health Policy. 19(3), 303-318.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  19. Qualitative Assessment of Responsible Alcohol Service Training Programs
    Toomey T, Kilian G, Gehan J, Wagenaar A, Perry C, Jones-Webb R. Public Health Reports. 113, 162-169.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
  20. Qualitative Assessment of Training Programs for Alcohol Servers and Establishment Managers
    Toomey TL, Kilian GR, Gehan JP, Perry C, Jones-Webb R, Wagenaar AC. Public Health Reports. 113(2), 162-169.
    Date: 1998 (archived)
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