Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. The Effect of a Temporary Period of Relaxed Licensing Laws on the Alcohol Consumption of Young Male Drinkers
    McLaughlin KL, Harrison-Stewart AJ. The International Journal of the Addictions. 27(4), 409-423.
    Date: 1992 (archived)
  2. Alcohol Availability and Consumption: Iowa Sales Data Revisited
    Mulford HA, Ledolter J, Fitzgerald JL. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 53(5), 487-494.
    Date: 1992 (archived)
  3. Relationship Between the Number and Type of Alcohol Outlets and Mortality Due to Liver Cirrhosis and Traffic Accidents
    Smith DI. Drug and Alcohol Review. 11(2), 145-151.
    Date: 1992 (archived)
  4. The Relationship Between License Type and Alcohol-Related Problems Attributed to Licensed Premises in Perth, Western Australia
    Stockwell T, Somerford P, Lang E. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 53(5), 495-498.
    Date: 1992 (archived)
  5. Responsible Alcohol Service: A Study of Server, Manager, and Environmental Impact
    Howard-Pitney B, Johnson MD, Altman DG, Hopkins R, Hammond N. American Journal of Public Health. 81(2), 197-199.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  6. Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Server- Intervention Education
    McKnight AJ. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 52(5), 389-397.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  7. A Change from Public to Private Sale of Wine: Results from Natural Experiments in Iowa and West Virginia
    Wagenaar AC, Holder HD. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 52(2), 162-173.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  8. Effects of Alcoholic Beverage Server Liability on Traffic Crash Injuries
    Wagenaar AC, Holder HD. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 15(6), 942-947.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  9. Effects of the Elimination of a State Monopoly on Distilled Spirits’ Retail Sales: A Time-Series Analysis of Iowa
    Holder HD, Wagenaar AC. British Journal of Addiction. 85(12), 1615-1625.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
  10. State Monopolies and Alcoholic Beverage Consumption
    Nelson JP. Journal of Regulatory Economics. 2(1): 83-98.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
  11. Effect on Liver Cirrhosis and Traffic Accident Mortality of Changing the Number and Type of Alcohol Outlets in Western Australia
    Smith DI. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 13(2), 190-195.
    Date: 1989 (archived)
  12. Effect on Traffic Accidents of Introducing Sunday Alcohol Sales in Brisbane, Australia
    Smith DI. The International Journal of the Addictions. 23(10), 1091-1099.
    Date: 1988 (archived)
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