Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. Play Hard, Shirk Hard? the Effect of Bar Hours Regulation on Worker Absence
    Green CP, Navarro Paniagua M. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 78(2), 248-264.
    Date: 2016
  2. Associations Between Alcohol Outlets and Emergency Department Injury Presentations: Effects of Distance from the Central Business District
    Hobday M, Meuleners L, Liang W, Gilmore W, Chikritzhs T. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 40(1), 43-48.
    Date: 2016
  3. Heavy Alcohol Use Among Suicide Decedents Relative to a Non-Suicide Comparison Group: Gender‐Specific Effects of Economic Contraction
    Kaplan MS, Huguet N, Caetano R, Giesbrecht N, Kerr WC, McFarland BH. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 40(7), 1501-1506.
    Date: 2016
  4. The Effect of Short-Term Alcohol Restriction on Risk of Alcohol-Related Injury: A Statewide Population-Based Study
    Liang W GW, Chikritzhs T. International Journal of Drug Policy. 28, 55-59.
    Date: 2016
  5. Associations Between Responsible Beverage Service Laws and Binge Drinking and Alcohol-Impaired Driving
    Linde AC, Toomey TL, Wolfson J, Lenk KM, Jones-Webb R, Erickson DJ. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education. 60(2), 339-348.
    Date: 2016
  6. Relating Off‐Premises Alcohol Outlet Density to Intentional and Unintentional Injuries
    Morrison C, Smith K, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Lee JP, Cameron P. Addiction. 111(1), 56-64.
    Date: 2016
  7. Heavy Drinkers’ Perspectives on Minimum Unit Pricing for Alcohol in Scotland: A Qualitative Interview Study
    O’May F, Gill J, Black H, Rees C, Chick J, McPake B. Sage Open. 6(3).
    Date: 2016
  8. Do Cumulative Impact Zones Reduce Alcohol Availability in UK High Streets? Assessment of a Natural Experiment Introducing a New Licensing Policy
    Pliakas TM, Egan MP, Gibbons J, Ashton CM, Hart J, Lock KP. The Lancet. 388, S94-S94.
    Date: 2016
  9. Unintended Impacts of Alcohol Restrictions on Alcohol and Other Drug Use in Indigenous Communities in Queensland (Australia)
    Robertson JA, Fitts MS, Clough AR. International Journal of Drug Policy. 41, 34-40.
    Date: 2016
  10. Regulation and Contract Choice in the Distribution of Wine
    Santiago M, Sykuta M. Journal of Wine Economics. 11(2), 216-232.
    Date: 2016
  11. The Effects of Extended Public Transport Operating Hours and Venue Lockout Policies on Drinking-Related Harms in Melbourne, Australia: Results from SIMDRINK, an Agent-Based Simulation Model
    Scott N, Hart A, Wilson J, Livingston M, Moore D, Dietze P. International Journal of Drug Policy. 32, 44-49.
    Date: 2016
  12. Opinions on the Privatization of Distilled-Spirits Sales in Washington State: Did Voters Change their Minds?
    Subbaraman MS, Kerr WC. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 77(4), 568-576.
    Date: 2016
  13. The Spatio-Temporal Relationship Between Alcohol Outlets and Violence Before and After Privatization: A Natural Experiment, Seattle, WA 2010–2013
    Tabb LP, Ballester L, Grubesic TH. Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology. 19, 115-124.
    Date: 2016
  14. Impacts of Changes to Trading Hours of Liquor Licenses on Alcohol-Related Harm: A Systematic Review 2005–2015
    Wilkinson C, Livingston M, Room R. Public Health Research & Practice. 26(4).
    Date: 2016
  15. Estimated Increase in Cross‐Border Purchases by Washington Residents Following Liquor Privatization and Implications for Alcohol Consumption Trends
    Ye Y, Kerr WC. Addiction. 111(11), 1948-1953.
    Date: 2016
  16. The Impacts of Minimum Alcohol Pricing on Alcohol Attributable Morbidity in Regions of British Colombia, Canada with Low, Medium and High Mean Family Income
    Zhao J, Stockwell T. Addiction. 112(11), 1942-1951.
    Date: 2016
  17. Longitudinal Associations of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Characteristics and Alcohol Availability on Drinking: Results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
    Brenner AB, Borrell LN, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Ana VDR. Social Science & Medicine. 145, 17-25.
    Date: 2015
  18. Alcohol Outlet Density and Related Use in an Urban Black Population in Philadelphia Public Housing Communities
    Cederbaum JA, Petering R, Hutchinson MK, He AS, Wilson JP, Jemmott rJB, Jemmott LS. Health & Place. 31, 31-38.
    Date: 2015
  19. The Impact of Extended Closing Times of Alcohol Outlets on Alcohol-Related Injuries in the Nightlife Areas of Amsterdam: A Controlled Before-And-After Evaluation
    de Goeij MCM, Veldhuizen EM, Buster MCA, Kunst AE. Addiction (Abingdon, England). 110,955-964.
    Date: 2015
  20. A Review of Existing Studies Reporting the Negative Effects of Alcohol Access and Positive Effects of Alcohol Control Policies on Interpersonal Violence
    Fitterer JL, Nelson TA, Stockwell T. Frontiers in Public Health. 3, 253.
    Date: 2015
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