Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. Alcohol Outlet Density, Drinking Contexts and Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of Environmental Risk Factors
    Cunradi CB, Mair C, Todd M. Journal of Drug Education. 44(1-2), 19-33.
    Date: 2014
  2. Inadequate Child Supervision: The Role of Alcohol Outlet Density, Parent Drinking Behaviors, and Social Support
    Freisthler B, Johnson-Motoyama M, Kepple NJ. Children and Youth Services Review. 43, 75-84.
    Date: 2014
  3. Did Liberalizing Bar Hours Decrease Traffic Accidents?
    Green CP, Heywood JS, Navarro M. Journal of Health Economics. 35, 189-198.
    Date: 2014
  4. Alcohol Availability and Crime: Lessons from Liberalized Weekend Sales Restrictions
    Grönqvist H, Niknami S. Journal of Urban Economics. 81, 77.
    Date: 2014
  5. Association of the Availability of Beer, Wine, and Liquor Outlets with Beverage‐Specific Alcohol Consumption: A Cohort Study
    Halonen JI, Kivimäki M, Pentti J, Virtanen M, Subramanian SV, Kawachi I, Vahtera J. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 38(4), 1086-1093.
    Date: 2014
  6. Socio‐Spatial Patterning of Off‐Sale and On‐Sale Alcohol Outlets in a Texas City
    Han D, Gorman DM. Drug and Alcohol Review. 33(2), 152-160.
    Date: 2014
  7. The Impact of Spatial and Temporal Availability of Alcohol on Its Consumption and Related Harms: A Critical Review in the Context of UK Licensing Policies
    Holmes J, Guo Y, Maheswaran R, Nicholls J, Meier PS, Brennan A. Drug and Alcohol Review. 33(5), 515-525.
    Date: 2014
  8. Effects of Minimum Unit Pricing for Alcohol on Different Income and Socioeconomic Groups: A Modelling Study
    Holmes J, Meng Y, Meier PS, Brennan A, Angus C, Campbell-Burton A, Purshouse RC. The Lancet. 383(9929), 1655-1664.
    Date: 2014
  9. Do Flexible Alcohol Trading Hours Reduce Violence? A Theory-Based Natural Experiment in Alcohol Policy
    Humphreys DK, Eisner MP. Social Science & Medicine. 102, 1-9.
    Date: 2014
  10. Restrictions in Pub Closing Times and Lockouts in Newcastle, Australia Five Years On
    Kypri K, McElduff P, Miller P. Drug and Alcohol Review. 33(3), 323-326.
    Date: 2014
  11. State and Local Law Enforcement Agency Efforts to Prevent Sales to Obviously Intoxicated Patrons
    Lenk KM, Toomey TL, Nelson TF, Jones-Webb R, Erickson DJ. Journal of Community Health. 39(2), 339-348.
    Date: 2014
  12. A Population-Based Study of Premature Mortality in Relation to Neighborhood Density of Alcohol Sales and Cheque Cashing Outlets in Toronto, Canada
    Matheson FI, Creatore MI, Gozdyra P, Park AL, Ray JG. BMJ Open. 4(12), e006032.
    Date: 2014
  13. Changes in Injury-Related Hospital Emergency Department Presentations Associated with the Imposition of Regulatory Versus Voluntary Licensing Conditions on Licensed Venues in Two Cities: Alcohol-Related ED Presentations
    Miller P, Curtis A, Palmer D, Busija L, Tindall J, Droste N, Wiggers J. Drug and Alcohol Review. 33(3), 314-322.
    Date: 2014
  14. Neighborhood Alcohol Outlet Density and Rates of Child Abuse and Neglect: Moderating Effects of Access to Substance Abuse Services
    Morton CM, Simmel C, Peterson NA. Child Abuse & Neglect. 38(5), 952-961.
    Date: 2014
  15. The Pursuit of Exclusion Through Zonal Banning
    Palmer D, Warren I. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 47(3), 429-446.
    Date: 2014
  16. Relationships Between Social Host Laws and Underage Drinking: Findings from a Study of 50 California Cities
    Paschall MJ, Lipperman-Kreda S, Grube JW, Thomas S. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 75(6), 901-907.
    Date: 2014
  17. Assessing the Validity of On-Premise Alcohol License Data in Six Communities in California: Operating Characteristics and Outlet Densities
    Ponicki WR, Gruenewald PJ, Remer LG, Martin SE, Treno AJ. Substance Use & Misuse. 49(1-2), 51-58.
    Date: 2014
  18. Evaluating the Impact of a Multi-Buy Discount Ban on Off-Trade Alcohol Sales: A Natural Experiment in Scotland, 2009-2012
    Robinson M, Geue C, Lewsey J, Mackay D, McCartney G, Curnock E, Beeston C. European Journal of Public Health. 24(suppl_2).
    Date: 2014
  19. Long‐Term Trends in Alcohol Policy Attitudes in Norway
    Rossow I, Storvoll EE. Drug and Alcohol Review. 33(3), 220-226.
    Date: 2014
  20. The Relationship Between the Density of Alcohol Outlets and Parental Supply of Alcohol to Adolescents
    Rowland B, Toumbourou JW, Satyen L, Livingston M, Williams J. Addictive Behaviors. 39(12), 1898-1903.
    Date: 2014
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