Place

Restrictions imposed through licensing and regulation to limit alcohol availability can curb consumption by reducing the number, types and locations of alcohol outlets, and limiting hours and days of sale for both off-premise (e.g., liquor stores) and on-premise (e.g., bars and restaurants) sales. Privatization of alcohol sales, the process of giving the private sector the responsibility for selling alcohol, tends to result in significantly more off-premise outlets, higher prices for the consumer and increased rates of consumption compared to state government monopolies where the state is a market participant and sells the product. A major challenge in this literature is defining accessibility in a way that is relevant to both urban and rural areas and understanding contextual factors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, population, crime, type of product sold, type of outlet) that may contribute to the alcohol outlet environment.

Minimum Unit Pricing
Government Control
Licensing
Outlet Density
Hours and Days
Direct Shipping & Home Delivery
Server & Social Host Liability
  1. Alcohol Outlets, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Intimate Partner Violence: Ecological Analysis of a California City
    Cunradi CB, Mair C, Ponicki W. Journal of Urban Health. 88(2), 191-200.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  2. Reducing Harm in Drinking Environments: A Systematic Review of Effective Approaches
    Jones L, Hughes K, Atkinson AM, Bellis MA. Health and Place. 17(2), 508- 518.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  3. Access to Alcohol Outlets and Harmful Alcohol Consumption: A Multi-Level Study in Melbourne, Australia
    Kavanagh AM, Kelly MT, Krnjacki L, Thornton L, Jolley D, Subramanian SV, . Addiction. 106(10), 1772-1779.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  4. Effects of Restricting Pub Closing Times on Night-Time Assaults in an Australian City
    Kypri K, Jones C, McElduff P, Barker D. Addiction. 106(2), 303-310.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  5. A Longitudinal Analysis of Alcohol Outlet Density and Domestic Violence
    Livingston M. Addiction. 106(5), 919-925.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  6. Alcohol Availability and Youth Homicide in the 91 Largest United States Cities, 1984-2006
    Parker RN, Williams KR, McCaffree KJ, Acensio EK, Browne A, Strom KJ, Barrick K. Drug and Alcohol Review. 30(5), 505-514.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  7. Cost of Privatization Versus Government Alcohol Retailing Systems: Canadian Example
    Popova S, Patra J, Sarnocinska-Hart A, Gnam WH, Giesbrecht N, Rehm J. Drug and Alcohol Review. 9-Jan.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  8. Effects of Dram Shop Liability and Enhanced Over-Service Law Enforcement Initiatives on Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Related Harms: Two Community Guide Systematic Reviews
    Rammohan V, Hahn RA, Elder R, Brewer R, Fielding J, Naimi TS, . American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 41(3), 334-343.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  9. Outlet Density as a Predictor of Alcohol of Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence
    Shamblen SR, Harris MS, Ringwalt CL, Flewelling RL, Clark HK, Hanley SM. Substance Use and Misuse. 46(8), 1049-1059.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  10. Impact on Alcohol-Related Mortality of a Rapid Rise in the Density of Private Liquor Outlets in British Columbia: A Local Area Multi-Level Analysis
    Stockwell T, Zhao J, Macdonald S, Vallance K, Gruenwald P, Ponicki W, . Addiction. 106(4), 768-776.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  11. The Neighborhood Alcohol Environment and At-Risk Drinking Among African Americans
    Theall KP, Lancaster BP, Lynch S, Haines RT, Scribner S, Scribner R, . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 35(5), 996-1003.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  12. Alcohol Controls and Violence in Nunavut: A Comparison of Wet and Dry Communities
    Wood DS. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 70 (1), 19-28.
    Date: 2011 (archived)
  13. Alcohol Regulation and Crime
    Carpenter C, Dobkin C. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series (No. 15828) [Accessed: 2012-07-26. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www.Webcitation.Org/69Rvqkvxu]./. .
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  14. Community Alcohol Outlet Density and Underage Drinking
    Chen M-J, Grube JW, Gruenewald PJ. Addiction. 105(2), 270-278.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  15. The Impact of Casinos on Fatal Alcohol-Related Traffic Accidents in the United States
    Cotti CD, Walker DM. Journal of Health Economics. 29(6), 788-796.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  16. Neighborhoods, Alcohol Outlets and Intimate Partner Violence: Addressing Research Gaps in Explanatory Mechanisms
    Cunradi CB. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7(3), 799-813.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  17. Direct Ship Blowout: How the Supreme Court’s Granholm Decision Has Led to a Flood of Non-Taxed Wine Shipments
    Dunham J, Eng VF, Ronga P. American Association of Wine Economists (AAWE Working Paper No. 61). New York, NY. [Accessed: 2012-07-19. Archived By Webcite® At Http: //Www.Webcitation.Org/69Hkgq1Pq]. .
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  18. Alcohol Outlets and Violent Crime in Washington D.C
    Franklin FA, II LaVeist TA, Webster DW, Pan WK. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 11(3), 283-290.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  19. What Are the Policy Lessons of National Alcohol Prohibition in the United States, 1920-1933?
    Hall W. Addiction. 10-Jan.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
  20. Alcohol Control Policies and Practices at Professional Sports Stadiums
    Lenk KM, Toomey TL, Erickson DJ, Kilian GR, Nelson TF, Fabian LEA. Public Health Reports. 125(5), 665-673.
    Date: 2010 (archived)
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