Product

Given beer, wine and spirits have different ethanol content, sales volume and drinker type preferences (e.g., heavy, moderate, underage), and thereby have differential health effects, governments often apply distinct regulations to each beverage type to help control their use. Such control measures include differences in where and when beverage types can be sold, advertising restrictions, tax rates and labeling requirements. While historically the U.S. has adopted more stringent regulations for spirits, and research supports the more stringent treatment of spirits, harms related to beverage type, particularly those higher alcohol content products, such as spirits, remains an understudied area.  

Energy Drinks
Health Risks
Drinking Patterns
Standard Drinks
  1. Relationships Between Beer, Wine, and Spirits Consumption and Suicide Rates in United States from 1977-1988
    Liu T. Omega. 32(3), 227-240.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  2. Do Some Types of Alcoholic Beverages Lead to More Problems for Adolescents?
    Smart RG, Walsh GW. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 56(1), 35-38.
    Date: 1995 (archived)
  3. The Alcohol Content of Self-Report and ‘Standard’ Drinks
    Lemmens PH. Addiction. 89(5), 593-601.
    Date: 1994 (archived)
  4. Alcohol Consumption in the European Community: Uniformity and Diversity in Drinking Patterns
    Hupkens CL, Knibbe RA, Drop MJ. Addiction. 88(10), 1391-1404.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  5. Alcoholic Beverage Choice and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease Mortality: Do Red Wine Drinkers Fare Best?
    Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA. The American Journal of Cardiology. 71(5), 467-469.
    Date: 1993 (archived)
  6. Beer Versus Mixed-Drink Consumption at Fraternity Parties: A Time and Place for Low-Alcohol Alternatives
    Geller ES, Kalsher MJ, Clarke SW. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 52(3), 197-204.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  7. Effect of Concentration of Ingested Ethanol on Blood Alcohol Levels
    Roine RP, Gentry RT, Lim RT, Jr, Baraona E, Lieber CS. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 15(4), 734-738.
    Date: 1991 (archived)
  8. Type of Alcoholic Beverage and Cancer of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus in An Italian Area with High Wine Consumption
    Barra S, Franceschi S, Negri E, Talamini R, La Vecchia C. International Journal of Cancer. 46(6), 1017-1020.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
  9. Beverage Preference, Beverage Type and Subject Gender as Determinants of Alcohol Consumption in the Laboratory
    Kidorf M, Lang AR, Pelham WE. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 51(4), 331-335.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
  10. Correlates of Alcoholic Beverage Preference: Traits of Persons Who Choose Wine, Liquor or Beer
    Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Kipp H. British Journal of Addiction. 85(10), 1279-1289.
    Date: 1990 (archived)
  11. Type of Alcoholic Beverage and Oral Cancer
    Kabat GC, Wynder EL. International Journal of Cancer. 43(2), 190-194.
    Date: 1989 (archived)
  12. Type of Alcoholic Beverage and Cancer of the Upper Respiratory and Digestive Tract
    Leclerc A, Brugere J, Luce D, Point D, Guenel P. European Journal of Cancer & Clinical Oncology. 23(5), 529-534.
    Date: 1987 (archived)
  13. Alcohol and Aggression in Men: A Comparison of Brewed and Distilled Beverages
    Pihl RO, Smith M, Farrell B. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 45(3), 278-282.
    Date: 1984 (archived)
  14. Esophageal Cancer and Alcohol Consumption; Importance of Type of Beverage
    Tuyns AJ, Pequignot G, Abbatucci JS. International Journal of Cancer. 23(4), 443-447.
    Date: 1979 (archived)
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